German Reich (1939) Observation Vehicle – 285 Built The Sd.Kfz.253 was designed along with the Sd.Kfz.250 light infantry transporter and the Sd.Kfz.252 ammo transporter. However, opposed to the multifunctional Sd.Kfz.250 (and the bigger Sd.Kfz.251), the 253 as well as the 252 were specialized vehicles. Whilst the Sd.Kfz.252 was supplying ammunition to tanks and artillery guns,…
German Reich (1939-1945) Armored Half-track – 15,252 Built Genesis of the Sonderkraftfahrzeug 251 This vehicle was a familiar sight, widely associated with the German infantry during all of World War Two. It began simply as an armored version of the Sd.Kfz.11 half-tracked artillery tractor. The half-track was one of the several solutions given to the problem…
German Reich (1939-1944) Armored Half-track – 6,628 Built Genesis of the Panzerspähwagen Sd.Kfz.250 In 1939, the Inspectorate for Motorized Troops (AHA/In 6) requested a small armored half track to perform auxiliary missions while accompanying tanks on the offensive. These were to be used chiefly for scouting, as mobile HQs, command, radio vehicles and as forward observer…
German Reich (1939)
Observation Vehicle – 285 Built
The Sd.Kfz.253 was designed along with the Sd.Kfz.250 light infantry transporter and the Sd.Kfz.252 ammo transporter. However, opposed to the multifunctional Sd.Kfz.250 (and the bigger Sd.Kfz.251), the 253 as well as the 252 were specialized vehicles. Whilst the Sd.Kfz.252 was supplying ammunition to tanks and artillery guns, the 253 was developed mainly for observing and directing friendly cannon fire against enemy targets. The Sd.Kfz.253 fitted very well into the German combined arms tactics and was used for cooperation with assault self-propelled guns like the Sturmgeschütz III.
Sd.Kfz.253 on the Eastern Front, October 1941. Photo: SOURCE
Development
From 1937, when the new ‘Sturmgeschütz’ vehicles and their associated tactics were being designed, the army ordered new vehicles to support the assault guns. The new support vehicles needed good protection and the capability to operate in areas with poor or no roads, so they had to be armored and tracked. Initially, the German designers planned to build this type of vehicle using the Panzer I as a base.
The new Sd.Kfz.253 observation vehicle was similar to the Sd.Kfz.250. It was designed as an armored half-track and received the designation number 253 in the army vehicle nomenclature. Later, the vehicle was just referred to as the “Beobachtungswagen” meaning “Observation Vehicle”, or, later, “leichter Gepanzerte Beobachtungswagen” meaning “Lighter Armored Observation Vehicle”.
The prototype was ready in the autumn of 1937. The start of production was planned for 1939, with the first 20 half-tracks built by the end of the year and another eight in January 1940. However, the army was pleased with the new Sd.Kfz.251 half-track and the production of the Sd.Kfz.253 was postponed with just the first 25 units produced in March 1940. After the confirmation that these new half-tracks were successful, the production started in earnest. The last half-tracks of this type were produced in June 1941 with 285 built in total.
The chassis were manufactured by the Demag company of Berlin and Oberschoneweide, with the rest of the vehicle being done by the Wegmann company. After September 1940, the whole production was moved to the Austrian company Gebr. Bohler & Co AG of Kapfenberg. These vehicles were later replaced by special versions of the Sd.Kfz.250 and 251, as the sub-versions met all requirements and were cheaper and easier to manufacture.
Design: In comparison to Sd.Kfz.250
Sd.Kfz.253 was very similar to Sd.Kfz.250 and only the top part of their construction differed. The Sd.Kfz.253 had an enclosed crew compartment. The roof had two hatches; the main hatch was prominent, circular and was placed behind the driver’s station. The hatch could be rotated and it opened in two parts. This hatch also had two small openings which could be used for a periscope and were covered by two flaps when not in use. The second hatch (rectangular) was placed behind the main one and was much simpler. At the rear of the vehicle, on the right side was a simple aerial. A cover ran lengthwise across the right-side of the vehicle roof, which protected the aerial when the vehicle was on the move. Models of Sd.Kfz.250/1 and Sd.Kfz.253 – this picture allows to compare the designs of this two half-tracks. The differences are clearly visible, with most of them on the roof. Photo: SOURCE
Two radios were available inside the Sd.Kfz.253, an Fu 6 and an Fu 2. A retractable periscope and signal flags were also carried inside. This vehicle had no weapon ports or mounts, but a single machine gun (MG 34 or MG 42) was carried inside for self-defense. The crew was also armed with their own weapons, like grenades or handguns. The armor of the Sd.Kfz.253 ranged between 5.5 and 14.5 mm. However, reports from tests on captured vehicles claim the maximum value was 18 mm.
At least one Sd.Kfz.253 in the North African theater was fitted with a large frame antenna over the roof. There is also a photo of a vehicle mounting a Panzer I turret on top. However, the angle of the photo makes it impossible to tell if it was a Sd.Kfz.250 or a 253. A Sd.Kfz.250 or 253 mounting a Panzer I turret. Photo: SOURCE
Sdkfz 253 in regular dunkelgrau livery Sdkfz 253 “Klärchen” in winter livery. Both illustrations are made by Tank Encyclopedia’s own David Bocquelet
Service
According to video sources, the first wartime use of this half-track in the war was in September 1939 – a vehicle, possibly a prototype, was recorded together with tractors and cannons during the crossing of the Bzura river, in the Sochaczew city. During wartime, it was typical for the Wehrmacht to test prototypes on the frontlines (like the Dicker Max self-propelled gun), so the first Sd.Kfz.253 was probably also tested in action. The Sd.Kfz.253 were used in Battle of France, however, their contribution was very small. Another photo of Sd.Kfz.253 in the eastern front (1/StuG.Abt. 197, Crimea, 1942). The spectacular stripe camouflage is the temporary winter painting, with washable white paint. Photo: SOURCE
The Sd.Kfz.253 was used together with StuG units. In France, these vehicles were only tested, and their career started seriously along with the StuG III. They were in use during the invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece (May 1941) and later in Croatia. During the Balkan Campaign, assault guns (and their support vehicles) proved their effectiveness. Later, these support vehicles were used during Operation Barbarossa (the invasion of the Soviet Union) and in North Africa.
The Sd.Kfz.253 (just like the 252) was used on the frontlines until summer 1943, when the sub-versions of Sd.Kfz.250 and 251 replaced them. Their final great engagement was during the battle of Kursk. However, individual Sd.Kfz.253s still saw sporadic action after this point. It is interesting to note that, on the Eastern Front, these vehicles were sometimes used as ambulances. The instruction photo of the Sd.Kfz.250/5 interior – the interior of Sd.Kfz.253 was very similar. Photo: SOURCE)
Successors
The Sd.Kfz.250 was initially used to supplement the Sd.Kfz.253, that was in short supply, and a special sub-version Sd.Kfz.250/5 was created for this purpose. It actually had the same interior as the Sd.Kfz.253 with different radios and no armored roof. This sub-version was designed in June 1941. However, the army recognised that their effectiveness was similar to that of the Sd.Kfz.253, but they were cheaper and easier to produce, so this variant began replacing the 253. The total production of Sd.Kfz.250/5 is unknown, however, this vehicle was probably produced to the end of the war (in both versions: Alte and Neu). This sub-version design was divided into two variants, depending on the radios and destinations: Sd.Kfz.250/5.I: Fu 6 + Fu 2, later Fu 8, Fu 4 and Fu.Spr.Ger.f – destined for artillery units Sd.Kfz.250/5.II: Fu 12, later Fu 12 + Fu.Spr.Ger.f – destined for reconnaissance units.
Another vehicle meant to replace the Sd.Kfz.253 as an observation vehicle was the Sd.Kfz.251/18, or “mittlerer Beobachtungspanzerwagen”, (“medium Observation Armored Vehicle”) developed in July 1944. This version was equipped with new radios and also observation equipment. Sometimes, this vehicle had an armored writing-desk over the driver’s position. As these vehicles were created at the end of the war, the records about them are quite confusing and the number of built half-tracks is unknown. The Sd.Kfz.251/18 sub-version is divided into four versions (depending on the radio equipment): Sd.Kfz.251/18.I: Fu 4, Fu 8 and Fu.Spr.Ger.f Sd.Kfz.251/18.Ia: Fu 4 and Fu 8 Sd.Kfz.251/18.II: Fu 5 and Fu 8 Sd.Kfz.251/18.IIa: Fu 4, Fu 5 and Fu.Spr.Ger.f)
Sd.Kfz.253 Specifications
Dimensions L W H
4.7 x 1.95 x 1.80 m ( ft.in)
Total weight, battle ready
5.7 tons
Crew
4 (Commander, driver, observer and radio-operator)
Propulsion
Maybach 6-cyl. water-cooled HL42 TRKM petrol, 99 hp (74 kW)
Top speed
65 km/h (40.4 mph)
Maximum range (on/off road)
320 km (198 miles)
Armament
1 or 2 x 7.92 mm (0.31 in) MG 34 with 1500 rounds
Armor
5.5 to 14 mm (0.22 – 0.57 in)
Production
285
Links, Resources & Further Reading
Standard Catalogue of German Military Vehicles, by David Doyle, copyright for the Polish edition, 2012, Vesper, Poznań
Kolekcja Wozów Bojowych magazine, nr. 62: Sd.Kfz. 252 Leichte Gepanzerte Munitionskraftwagen, Oxford Educational sp.z o.o. Sd.Kfz.253 on Achtung Panzer
German Reich (1939-1945)
Armored Half-track – 15,252 Built
Genesis of the Sonderkraftfahrzeug 251
This vehicle was a familiar sight, widely associated with the German infantry during all of World War Two. It began simply as an armored version of the Sd.Kfz.11 half-tracked artillery tractor. The half-track was one of the several solutions given to the problem of low off-road capabilities of trucks and associated “special purpose vehicles” (Sonderkraftfahrzeug). The Sd.Kfz.11 was designed in 1938 by Hanomag and was the prime mover for the 105 mm (4.13 in) LeFH howitzer and 37 mm (1.46 in) Flak 43, and 9000 units were built until 1945. This company was the natural choice to fulfill the next Waffenamt specification, which requested an armored vehicle capable of carrying a section of Panzergrenadiers and their equipment in order to keep up with the Panzer Divisions. Each German mechanized infantry corps was to be equipped with a hundred of these. The protection given had to be sufficient against small arms fire and artillery shrapnel, and armament should comprise two MG 34 machine-guns for defense and direct support. In German nomenclature it was classed as a Mittlere Schützenpanzerwagen (“Medium Assault Armored Vehicle”).
This article does not conform to our current standards, and is on our list to rewrite.
Design of the Hanomag half-track
Because the Sd.Kfz.251 was produced by the same manufacturer as the Sd.Kfz.11, the natural choice was to use the HL kl.5 chassis as a base on which a stronger framework, supporting the armored panels, was constructed. After a few sketches, the sloped armor that characterized the type was taken from the previous 7.5 cm Selbstfahrlafette L40 prototype made by Hansa-Lloyd (1937). This was a risky choice in terms of efficient storage and production ease, but the idea behind was straightforward. The slope meant that any bullet or shrapnel had to travel through more of the plate, while keeping the weight low. The armor protected the entire length of the engine, radiator, driver and the open top rear compartment. It was 14.5 mm (0.57 in) thick, with a 14° slope at the nose, 10 mm (0.39 in)/80° for the glacis (engine cover), 8 mm (0.31 in)/35° for the side and rear panels and only 6 mm (0.24 in) for the flat bottom.
The hull was entirely welded, with prefabricated sections. The open-top configuration allowed a greater awareness of the situation and allowed a better angle and arc of fire for the machine-guns. The body was composed of two main sections, the front cowling and the rear open-top “passenger compartment”. These two sections were made of steel plates welded and riveted to the base chassis. They were joined together by riveting, the reinforcements being located behind the driver’s compartment. This provision, associated with the initial strength of the chassis of the vehicle, provided exceptional rigidity.
The engine was the same Maybach TUKRM HL 42 (4.17L) as that of the Sd.Kfz.11. This was a petrol 6 cylinder four-stroke watercooled engine with magnetic ignition, providing 100 hp@2800 rpm. It provided a 12.8 hp/tonne power-to-weight ratio, giving an average 52 km/h (32 mph) on roads or very flat terrain, and 21 km/h (13 mph) off-road. This was relatively fast for an armored half-track. Steering was done using the front axle, with a turning radius of 11 m. The tracks, of the Zgw 5001/280/140 or Zpw 5001/280/140 type, were relatively large and procured excellent grip, especially with the W 302 rubber tread pads. Each comprised 55 and 56 (left /right) links and were 7.7 and 7.84 m long. The Sd.Kfz.251 was one of the first armored vehicles to be equipped with interleaved wheels, just like the Kettenkrad.. This “slack track” lowered the ground pressure, but they proved problematic on highly muddy terrain, like during the Russian “Raspoutista”.
The hollow weight was 6.8 tons, 7 tons in battle order and 8.5 tons or more when fully loaded. It had a payload capacity of 1.5 tons and a towing capacity of 2.7 tons, which meant that the Pak 36 or a 20 mm (0.79 in) AA autocannon could be carried. Normal crew was 12, including the driver, platoon commander, and ten Panzergrenadiers and their equipment.
Production & evolution: The Ausf.A and B
The Ausf.A (Ausführung A or “A-version”) was the first of the Mittlerer Gepanzerter Mannschaftskraftwagen. It appeared in mid-1939 and was first allocated to the Panzergrenadiers attached to the 1st Panzer Division (stationed at Weimar, during the spring of 1939), the best equipped German unit at the outbreak of the Polish campaign. Production figure estimates for 1939 are only 232, and production was assumed by Hanomag in Hanover, Büssing-NAG of Berlin Oberschoeneweide, Weserhuette of Bad Oeynhause, Wumag of Goerlitz, and F. Schichau of Elbing.
The Ausf.B appeared in 1940and was similar in all aspects but the relocated radio antenna (from the step to the rear fighting compartment), and the removal of the rear vision sights, for production ease. By the end of 1940, only 337 more would be delivered. An estimated 500 took part in the French campaign.
The Ausf.C
The Ausf.C (late 1941) was also very similar, but introduced a new flat engine nose plate, 14.5 mm (0.57 in) thick, without an access trap, replaced by a simple hole for the manifold. Other minor mass-production simplifications included the rear access doors. Attention was also paid to the engine, with the removal of the front hood cooling grid and the lateral access traps, replaced by large open ventilation boxes, and the lower part of the hull was modified to increase the compartment draw. The rear muffler storage boxes were relocated to the rear, and the mufflers themselves were completely modified. The rearview mirror was relocated from the driver side vision slit to a lower position. The headlights were now fixed directly to the chassis and the bumpers removed and replaced by towing hooks. Production for 1941 is assumed to be 389 vehicles. However, an increase in production was urgently needed, but by 1942 these figures rose only to 424 and around 1200 for 1942. Unit cost was 22,560 DM.
The Ausf.D
This version was introduced in the spring of 1943 as a set of small changes in design for mass-production. The previous versions, also known as the “Alte” (around 4650 from June 1939 to September 1943) included the A, B and C, but the Ausf.D, also known as “Neue” was different, and 10,602 were built by Hanomag, MNH, Schichau Wumag, Weserhätte, Borgward, Evans+Pistor, Deutsche Werke and Büssing-NAG between 1943 and ’45. The modifications included many changes in production design. The number of armored panels was reduced from 19 to 9, permanent stowage boxes with padlocked access traps were added, replacing the former rear mufflers. Simple vision slits, simple flat engine hood panels with relocated air intakes under the hull, simplified reverse sloping rear end with flat door panels and many other minor modifications allowed the simplification of construction while offering the same protection, and it was far less labor-intensive. A feet of engineering required in times of increasing Allied bombings and exhausting metal supplies. However, the internal configuration was unchanged since the Ausf.C, and the FuG Spr Ger f radio was still in use. By this stage in the war, the Ausf.D was more and more required for ad hoc modifications and conversions due to a dramatic increase in the need of fire support platforms of all kind.
The Sd.Kfz.250 specifications were first issued by the Inspectorate for Motorized Troops (AHA/In 6) in 1939, as a light armored half-track for other purposed than transport or towing vehicles, to accompany the tanks in attack. Future tasks included reconnaissance, radio liaison, supply, mobile headquarter or artillery observation. It was produced by Demag, Adlerwerke, Büssing-NAG, MWC from 1941 to 1945 at an extent of 6630 vehicles, and was externally a shortened SdK/Fz 251, which led also to many fire support and special purpose variants. Büssing-NAG and Adler built the chassis, Saurer Werke of Vienna the engine and transmission, DEW Hannover and Steinmueller of Gummersbach the superstructure, Bismarckhuette of Upper Silesia the armour plating, hull assembly was done by Evens & Pistor of Helsa, equipment, supervision and delivery were assured by Demag AG of Wetter.
The Sd.Kfz.251 Hanomag in action
The Sd.Kfz.251 was seen as a real improvement for infantry mobility, and added weight to the doctrine of using motorized infantry to accompany the tanks. It was also a well-known propaganda tool in the newsreels, which led most of the Germans into thinking that the bulk of the German infantry was carried by these armored vehicles. But the reality could not be farther from the truth. Due to its cost and slow production, these vehicles were only allocated to some Panzergrenadier platoons, almost specialized elites within the infantry, and only attached to the best-equipped Panzerdivisions. By September 1939, only the 1st Panzerdivision was partially equipped with these vehicles. By the start of the Western campaign, in May 1940, perhaps five Panzerdivisions were also partially equipped. By then, the two types involved were the Sd.Kfz.251/1 mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen, Gerät 901 for the Panzergrenadiers, and the Sd.Kfz.251/1 mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen with no radio. Well used, this vehicle never encountered bad situations which could have been fatal due to its lack of armor. This was however a limitation later, with the use of some close-support versions, like the Sd.Kfz.251/10 equipped with the short-range Pak 36 37 mm (1.46 in) AT gun. Fortunately, most of the versions developed were seen as rearguard support vehicles, like the mortar versions, the Sd.Kfz.251/2 mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen (Granatwerfer), Gerät 892, or the famous Sd.Kfz.251/1 mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen (Wurfrahmen 40) used after 1944 with great effect for radio relaying, coordination, armored ambulances, and artillery observation.
The Sd.Kfz.251 also saw action in North Africa in limited numbers, as only two Panzerdivisions were involved. There was no real tropicalized version -only late modifications in the field. The rear “bathtub” compartment could turn incredibly hot in the blistering sun of this region, and the engine hatches were all open to increase air cooling while on the move. The bulk of the A,B,C saw action in the Balkans, in Greece, and in Russia by the summer of 1941. By then, most Panzerdivisions were equipped with this vehicle, at least partially. Less than a thousands were available at the same time for Operation Barbarossa. Production later increased, but, at the same time, more and more were converted for support and special purpose vehicles. In Russia, the local situation dictated many conversions for the engineers attached to the Panzerdivisions. In fact, if only 23 main versions were officially known by the Waffenamt, there have probably been countless modifications in the field, testified on photos showing vehicles using captured foreign guns, using non conventional antennae, or makeshift conversions as command and observation vehicles.
In Russia, the winter conditions meant that the engine could not always perform well or even start at all, and all the rubber parts had a tendency to crack and fall apart under the extreme cold. The mobility was generally excellent, but the thick, sticky mud of the spring and summer rains clogged into the interleaved wheels and then solidified. By the time of the introduction of the simplified Ausf.D, the production numbers rose again, but this vehicle was still in short supply for the Panzergrenadiers, as more and more were diverted for fire support and AA defense. The most successful in this way was the Schützenpanzerwagen (7.5 cm KwK37) or “Stummel”, used for artillery support, and the antitank 7.5 cm PaK 40 L/46 auf Mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen, which replaced the ill-fated Sd.Kfz.251/10. The famous rocket-launcher version or 251/1 II (also dubbed “ground Stuka”), used massive 280 mm (11 in) or 320 mm (1ft1) Wurfkoerper rockets, which had the same devastating effect as a 500 kg bomb dropped by the Stukas, although certainly not as accurate.
The Sd.Kfz.251 variants
The Sd.Kfz.251/1 (II/III)
Although strangely classed as 251/1, these two late versions has nothing in common with the main version.
The Sd.Kfz.251/1 II mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen mit Wurfrahmen, was a heavy rocket launcher platform (also dubbed “Stuka zum Fuss”), equipped with six massive 28cm Sprengranate (HE rounds) or 32cm Flammgranate (incendiary rounds), the latter using napalm. They were called Wurfrahmen 40, and had a range of 1.9 and 2.2 km, respectively. First ordered in late 1940, these Wurfkoerper rocket launching vehicles only appeared by 1943-44 in limited numbers.
The Sd.Kfz.251/1 III mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen (IR) “Falke” were standard Ausf.D (mostly) vehicles specially equipped with infrared equipment for night operations in conjunction with the Sd.Kfz. 251/20 Uhu, accompanying IR Panther detachments. This version is also called 251/20 “Falke”.
The Sd.Kfz.251/2 Schützenpanzerwagen (Granatwerfer)
This was the standard motorized mortar version, used by the infantry. It carried a GrW34 81 mm (3.19 in) mortar with 66 rounds. The recoil bottom plate could be removed for offloaded use.
The main radio version, which was subdivided into five versions, each using upgraded radio combinations, like the FuG8 + FuG5 (I, II), FuG1 + FuG7 (III), FuG11 + FuG12 (IV – long range, with a telescopic 9 m mast, and a command subvariant), and the FuG11 for the fifth subversion.
Sd.Kfz.251/4 – Schützenpanzerwagen für Munition und Zubehör des leIG18
This version was strengthened for towing heavier guns, such as the 7.5 cm (2.95 in) leichtes Infanteriegeschütz 18, 50 mm (1.97 in) Pak 38, 75 mm (2.95 in) PaK 40, and 10.5 cm (4.13 in) leFH18 light field howitzer.
Sd.Kfz.251/5 – Schützenpanzerwagen für Pionierzug
The main assault engineer vehicle (Pionierzug), modified to carry a pair of light dismantlable assault bridges on top. Inflatables boats were carried in the side stowage boxes.
This early command and radio vehicle housed map boards, cipher and encoding machines in a rearranged compartment, based on Ausf.A/B versions.
Sd.Kfz.251/7 Pionierpanzerwagen
Another engineer assault vehicle fitted with bridge ramps and special fitting on the upper hull. The I and II sub-versions used different radios.
Sd.Kfz. 251/8 Krankenpanzerwagen
The armored ambulance version. Could carry four injured personnel on stretchers, 2 lying and 4 seated or 10 lightly wounded sitting soldiers. To help access, a folding step beneath the doors was also added. Most were converted from early A-B and C versions during the war. There was no armament and a large canvas or roof was used to cover the top. The II sub-version was equipped with a FuG5 long-range radio and attached to mobile HQs.
Sd.Kfz.251/9 – Schützenpanzerwagen (7.5 cm KwK 37 L/24) “Stummel”
The standard SPG variant, also called “kanonenwagen”, was equipped with a short-barrel 75 mm (2.95 in) howitzer, which used the same mounting as the StuG III. It was nicknamed “Stummel” (Stump), and committed in great numbers on the Eastern Front. First ordered in a March 1942 specification, Büssing-NAG delivered two prototypes in June, tested in Russia. A first batch of 150 vehicles was delivered during the following months, based on the Ausf.C. By late 1944, a major modification included a revised modular higher gun-mount with a coaxial MG 42 for close defense.
The latter also gave better protection, better depression and higher traverse (20° on each side). Normal traverse was 10 to 12° on each side, and a -5 +20° elevation. The gun provision was 52 rounds, but many were carried wherever it was possible, notably on the rifle racks and crammed in extra soft bags. Scissor binoculars and relocated a Fuspr.f 2 meter rod-antenna were also present. The Stummel was first introduced with the SS-Panzerregiment 4 “Der Führer”, 2nd SS Armored Division and, later, (after the Ausf.D came into service in 1944) in most armored reconnaissance units, and the paratrooper division “Hermann Göring”. Such vehicles could be carried inside the Me 323 “Gigant”.
The standard early AT support version for the Panzergrenadiers, equipped with the 37 mm (1.46 in) Pak 36 gun, which had an effective range of about only 1200 m. Many photos show that the removable upper panels of the shield were discarded , as the crew was well protected inside the hull, and in order to fool observers, as it thus resembled the MG shield of the standard transport version.
Sd.Kfz.251/11 – Fernsprechpanzerwagen
A telephone cable-layer version, based on the Ausf.C. A large box-like laying apparatus with cable reels was housed in the rear compartment, with little room to spare for the operators. They were used to create a network in the occupied territories of Russia.
Artillery auxiliary vehicles
Sd.Kfz. 251/12 – Messtrupp und Gerätpanzerwagen : A visual survey vehicle, the main artillery observation version. Sd.Kfz. 251/13/14 – Schallaufnahmepanzerwagen : Sound recording carrier variant. Sd.Kfz. 251/15 – Lichtauswertepanzerwagen : Flash spotting carrier variant. Sd.Kfz. 251/18 – Beobachtungspanzerwagen : Artillery independent observation variant, which comprised three radio sub-versions.
Sd.Kfz. 251/16 – Flammpanzerwagen
Main flamethrower variant, mostly used by SS Panzergrenadier units, which comprised, at first, a rear detachable flame-thrower, then two 14 mm flame projectors, attached to the vehicle on pivots, the hull retaining the forward defensive MG. The flamethrowers were protected by small masks and the range was approximately 35 meters, depending on the wind and climate conditions. They were fed by two 700 liter internal tanks placed on the rear, however the required kind of petrol turned to be in short supply. The crew was protected by fireproof overalls and the compressor, which had a two hour autonomy, gave the ability to perform around 2700 short burst (2 sec). As specified, each Panzergrenadier regiment was to be supplied with a single platoon of 6 Flammpanzerwagen, comprising two support vehicles carrying 1850 extra gallons. They were converted from Ausf.C and D vehicles, and seemingly introduced in January 1943. They fought in Russia, in Italy, in Holland (Arnhem 1944) and Northern France.
Sd.Kfz.251/19 – Fernsprechbetriebspanzerwagen
A telephone exchange vehicle, used in coordination with the Fernsprechpanzerwagen and operating on supposedly “quiet sectors”, well behind the frontline.
Appearing in late 1944, this version was attached to the special night attack Panzerregiments equipped with IR Panthers (with infrared searchlights). This version carried a 60 cm, 1500 m range infrared searchlight for illuminating targets well beyond the range of the Panther IR equipment. They were also deployed alongside Vampire night assault troops, equipped with portable infrared equipment.
Sd.Kfz.251/22 – 7.5 cm PaK40 L/46 auf Mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen
The “Pakwagen” was one of the best AT support vehicles, fitted with a high velocity PaK 40 L46 or L48. These were heavily used as the operations turned into defensive actions. The range of the gun allowed the vehicle to be relatively safe from well camouflaged, pre-arranged positions. However, the chassis was never designed to cope with the extra weight nor the blast shock and recoil, which triggered many mechanical breakdowns and excessive structural fatigue. Nevertheless, in December 1944, Hitler gave this version top priority. The mount comprised two H shaped beams welded to the floor, on the middle of the rear compartment. The shield was modified with trimmed angles, and the platform was made of flat triangular plates holding in place the original gun cradle. The driver sat on the left, aiming with the standard PaK 40 optics. Traverse was 18 and 19° and elevation ranged from -3 to +22°. 22 rounds (HE and AP) were stored. Usually the crews carried extra rounds in loose containers, stored wherever possible. Production figures are elusive, perhaps 1200 vehicles using Ausf.D bodies.
Sd.Kfz.251/23 – 2 cm Hängelafette 38 auf Mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen
The main reconnaissance variant, fitted with a turret mounting similar to the one carried by the Sd.Kfz.234/1 armored car, housing a QF 20 mm (0.79 in) autocannon.
Anti-aircraft variants
This type, and all the test prototypes, covered around 500 vehicles, including 486 -according to some sources /17 and /21. Normal provision for each Panzerdivision was around twenty-one in the armored infantry battalion, one in the regimental engineer company and seven in the armored reconnaissance company. Sd.Kfz.251/17 – Schützenpanzerwagen (2 cm): (244 built). Early machines had unmodified Ausf.C and D bodies, and the 20 mm (0.79 in) gun had only 80° of traverse. They were pioneered by Grossdeutschland. But the main production type was the Luftwaffe-Flakausführung, with extended side made of folding panels. Even folded, the gun still had a 360° traverse. The 20 mm (0.79 in) KwK 38 was mounted in a small turret and had a pedestal mounting. They were built on the Ausf.C only and usually 4 Flak vehicles were led by a command version, without the gun but with a FU-10 radio and frame antenna, and two MG 34 or 42s for close defense.
Later on, the version evolved. Auto-Union A.G. of Chemnitz built a prototype (on the Ausf.C) followed by perhaps a dozen or so hybrid vehicles (on the Ausf.D), with a completely open rear and reconstructed driver compartment. In late 1944, a late model with the standard D body was equipped with a Schwebelafette or “gliding cradle” in a boxlike construction. Production figures remain unknown, perhaps 15 in all which served on the Eastern Front by November 1944. The 20 mm (0.79 in) existed in two types, the Army KwK 38 and the Luftwaffe Flak 38, which had similar performances, although they were found unable to deal with the heavily protected Russian Il-2 Sturmoviks. Sd.Kfz.251/21 – Schützenpanzerwagen (Drilling): (242 built) A triple Mauser MG 151/15 mm, later replaced by 20 mm (0.79 in) MG151 lightweight Luftwaffe guns. The “Drilling” (triplets) prototypes were tested in early 1944 on the Ausf.C, but production only occurred on the type D. The triple mount was belt-fed, the inner gun receiving 400 rounds, the outer 250. The mount itself was a derived naval type, bolted on the floor just after the transmission housing.
The guns were surplus of the Luftwaffe, now using heavier models, complete with their standard aircraft cradles, and joined together to the top bracket of the pedestal, pivoting on trunnions for maximal elevation and traverse. They were aimed thanks to an optical (reflector) sight, and later a simpler design with speed ring.
They were single operated, from inside the hull, protected by a partial turret (open to the rear). They were chiefly employed by the 45th Panzerdivision reconnaissance units (3 per Panzergrenadier battalion) on the Western front, and in practice dealt very often against soft skin ground targets on the spot, thanks to their excellent accuracy.
Sd.Kfz.251 Panzerfahrschuhlwanne wood fuelled driver training vehicle
During World War Two Germany was short of petroleum. It looked at other sources of fuel to power non-frontline vehicles. One solution was to attach a Holzkohlevergaser, a wood gas generator, on the rear of a Sd.Kfz.251 Halftracks and use them as a driver training vehicles. Two Sd.Kfz.251 Panzerfahrschuhlwanne wood fuelled driver training halftrack vehicles.
Sd.Kfz.251/1 Ausf.A, 1st Panzerdivision, Poland, September 1939. It has the regular armament most Panzergrenadier’s Hanomags would bear during the conflict: a frontal MG 34 protected by a mask for infantry support, and a rear AA mount with greater traverse and angle.
Sd.Kfz.251/1 Ausf.A, 1st Panzerdivision, French campaign, May 1940, armed with two AA pintle mounts.
Sd.Kfz.251/1 Ausf.A, 1st Panzerdivision, Russia, July 1941. Notice that the rear pintle mount was removed in order to make place for a tarpaulin.
Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.B with two MG shields in Greece, April 1941.
Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.B of the Deutsche Afrika Korps, 21st Panzerdivision, Libya, March 1941.
Sd.Kfz.251/1 Ausf.C – 12th Panzerdivision, Russia, Moscow sector, winter 1941/42.
Sd.Kfz.251/1 Ausf.D in Russia, summer 1942.
Sd.Kfz.251/1 Ausf.D in Tunisia, February 1943.
Sd.Kfz.251/1 Ausf.D, IIIrd Gepanzert Battalion, SS Panzergrenadier Regiment 9 “Germania”, part of the 5th SS Panzerdivision “Wiking”, Modlin sector, Poland, August 1944.
Sub-versions
Sd.Kfz.251/1 II Ausf.B Mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen mit Wurfrahmen, the famous “Stuka zu Fuß” or “Stuka on foot”, 7th Panzerdivision, RSFSR, November 1943.
Sd.Kfz.251/2 Ausf.C Schützenpanzerwagen (Granatwerfer), 81mm mortar carrier, Russia, early 1942.
A Sd.Kfz.251/3 II Ausf.D Mittlere Kommandopanzerwagen Ausf.D, meant for liaison with tanks formations, Normandy, France, summer 1944.
Sd.Kfz.251/6 Ausf.B mittlere Funkpanzerwagen (Kommandopanzerwagen), the personal vehicle of General Guderian, France, June 1940.
Sd.Kfz.251/7 II Ausf.C Pionerpanzerwagen, Russia, 1942. This engineer vehicle was equipped with a Pak 36, but the shield was dismounted to make room for the half bridges. Additional planks were also usually carried.
Sd.Kfz.251/7 I Ausf.D Pionerpanzerwagen, Tunisia, January 1943.
Sd.Kfz.251/8 I Ausf.D Krankenpanzerwagen, Stalingrad, December 1942.
Sd.Kfz.251/9 Ausf.C Stummel – 12th Panzerdivision, Russia, summer 1942.
Sd.Kfz.251/10 Ausf.C – 5th Panzerdivision, Gustav line, Italy 1944.
Sd.Kfz.251/16 Ausf.D Flammpanzerwagen, Normandy, summer 1944.
Sd.Kfz.251/17 Ausf.C Schützenpanzerwagen (2cm) (Flakpanzerwagen 38), Russia, 1943. This AA vehicle was armed with the FlaK 38 20 mm (0.79 in) autocannon on a pedestal mount, protected by a large curved shield, and the hull accommodated folding panels to allow more traverse.
An up-armored Sd.Kfz.251/18 Ausf.B Beobachtungspanzerwagen, Russia, 1942.
Sd.Kfz.251/20 Ausf.D mittlere Schützenpanzerwagen zur Gefechtsfeld-beleuchtung (Falke), Western Germany, January 1945. This vehicle worked in close coordination with the “UHU” version.
Sd.Kfz.251/20 Ausf.D mittlere Schützenpanzerwagen zur Gefechtsfeld-beleuchtung (UHU), long-range infrared illumination version operating with the Panzer V Panthers during night attacks, Western Front, 1944-45. It consists of a 60 cm Beobachtungstelescope (telescopic sight) 1221 and a Beobachtungsgerat (viewing machine) 1251. Around 60 UHU were built to assist “Sperber” formations of six Panthers each. Some were also deployed in Hungary in 1945.
Sd.Kfz.251/21 Ausf.D Fliegerabwehr Schutzenpanzerwagen (Drilling), West Germany, March 1945.
Sd.Kfz.251/22 7,5cm PaK 40 L/46 auf Mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen Ausf.D.
Sd.Kfz.251/23 Ausf.D mittlerer gepanzerter Schützenpanzerwagen mit 2cm Hängelafette, Western Germany, January 1945.
Sd.Kfz.251 Wood fuelled Panzerfahrschuhlwanne driver training vehicle.
Gallery
Sd.Kfz. 251/1 Ausf. A mittlere Schützenpanzerwagen Hanomag. After initial service in front line units these continued in service as Zugkraftwagen (towing vehicles) for the 10,5cm le.F.H artillery howitzer as training vehicles. The one with the “turret” is such a training vehicle. Germans Tanks of ww2
German Reich (1939-1944)
Armored Half-track – 6,628 Built
Genesis of the Panzerspähwagen Sd.Kfz.250
In 1939, the Inspectorate for Motorized Troops (AHA/In 6) requested a small armored half track to perform auxiliary missions while accompanying tanks on the offensive. These were to be used chiefly for scouting, as mobile HQs, command, radio vehicles and as forward observer vehicles. They could only carry a Halbgruppe (half platoon) or section of scouts and, therefore, its size was smaller compared to the Sd.Kfz.251 Hanomag then in development.
This article does not conform to our current standards, and is on our list to rewrite.
Demag was at the time recognized for its expertise with very small half-tracks, having already developed the Sd.Kfz.10. This versatile vehicle was recently accepted in service, and 12,000 were built until 1945. Along with Demag, Büssing-NAG was chosen to design the lightweight sloped armored body. The new vehicle was named leichter gepanzerter Mannschafts-Transportwagen for light armored troop carrier, Sd.Kfz.250.
Design
This vehicle was based on the Sd.Kfz.10’s D7 chassis built by Demag, using the same tracks, interleaved roadwheels and drive sprockets. However, it was shortened by one pair of roadwheels. The front axle was similar and was used for steering. On this slightly shortened base, a brand new armored body (panzerwanne) was conceived. The new chassis was designated D7P and each component was tailor-made for it, instead of a larger commonality with the Sd.Kfz.10. The upper and lower part of the body were sloped along a long ridge that goes upwards from the engine hood and reverses at the middle of the crew compartment, sloping down to the rear.
This gave a three-faceted hull, relatively easier to build than more complicated designs, while still optimized for bullet deflection, as the upper angle was about 35°. The lower angle was 30°, while the rear plates were angled to 17° and 45°. While the sides and rear plates were 8 mm (0.31 in) thick, the frontal armor was 10 mm (0.39 in) angled at 30° on the superstructure and 14.5 mm (0.57 in) at 12° for the hull, radiator plates and engine hood. The track mudguards were about 2/3 the total length of the vehicle and supported spare parts and tooling equipment.
The engine chosen was the same Maybach 6-cylinder, water-cooled, 4.17-litre (254 cu in) HL 42 TRKM gasoline which developed 100 hp, giving about 17.2 hp/ton, versus the 21.3 hp/ton of the lighter Sd.Kfz.10 (4.9 tonnes vs 5.8 tonnes). It was served by a Maybach SRG (Schaltreglergetriebe, Variorex-Getriebe, Hohlachse) VG102 128H semi-automatic pre-selector transmission with seven forward and three reverse gears. The clutch acted as a gear change “switch”. Top speed observed in trials on flat ground was in excess of 75 km/h (47 mph), but in practice the driver was instructed to not exceed 65 km/h (40 mph).
Both the forward wheels and the tracks were used for direction, the track brakes being engaged correspondingly when the wheels were turned enough. The double roadwheels, overlapping and interleaved (Schachtellaufwerk), were mounted on torsion arms. The rear wheels acted as tensioners. The front axle wheels were suspended by leaf springs and shock absorbers.
The driving compartment was approximately half-way, in the middle of the hull, and it was not separated from the rear compartment, which was open-topped. The driver and co-driver had lateral vision blocks and front hinged panels with armored shutters. The driver’s roof was usually equipped with a ring mount for a shielded MG 34 machine-gun. A pintle mount could be also fitted at the rear, for an extra MG 34 used for AA defense. During the course of the war, many armaments were tried and mounted on specialized variants.
Production
The Sd.Kfz.250 was built throughout the war, starting from mid 1941, after the pre-series was successfully tested. Production lasted until the very last days of the war, at Demag (chassis), Büssing-NAG (body and parts), but also MWC and Adlerwerke for parts. A total of 6628 vehicles were delivered and modified for a wide variety of tasks, comparable to the ubiquitous Hanomag. The size was a limitation for these adaptations, but the vehicle was far more nimble and agile. It was also the only half-track in German service with a hull, and not only a simple frame, and was quite rugged.
After October 1943, production was rationalized and sped up, with more suppliers involved, and many simplifications in design. This new model was simply called “Neu Art” (new), and consisted of a less labor-intensive bodywork with simple slits instead of vision blocks, straighter armored plates and only 9 plates (vs. 19) assembled. There were also less parts overall, and the hull was characterized externally by permanent storage boxes placed along the sides. A dozen specialized variants were born from the basic design. Production figures were, for 1940/41: 1030, 1942: 1337, 1943: 2895, 1944: 1701, and 1945: 269.
Variants
Sd.Kfz.250/1 leichter Schützenpanzerwagen
The standard troop carrier/scout, armed with a frontal MG 34 protected by a mask and an optional rear pintle mount (Gerält 891). The other version was the (s MG) with two MG 34s on heavy field mountings, both with a crew-capacity of four (Halbgruppe). It formed the bulk of the production until 1942. Two hull versions can be distinguished, the “Alt” (Old) and “Neu” (New), which appeared in late 1943.
Sd.Kfz.250/2 leichter Fernsprechpanzerwagen
This was the telephone cable version (Gerält 892), equipped with a cable-layer which, along with the pole masts, occupied most of the rear open space.
Sd.Kfz.250/3 leichter Funkpanzerwagen
The standard radio vehicle (Gerält 893), subdivided into the 3-I (FuG12 with rod/star aerial), 3-II (FuG7 radio for air support control) and 3-III (FuG7 and a FuG8) used by the Luftwaffe, and the 3-IV (Fu15 or Fu16) used by assault formations.
Sd.Kfz.250/4
This vehicle was to be, at first, a light AA half-track (leichter Truppenluftschutzpanzerwagen), with a twin light MG.34 mount, but it is not clear if it reached production. The same designation was also given to the Beobachtungspanzerwagen observation vehicle used by the StuG detachments, with FuG15 and FuG16 radios.
Sd.Kfz.250/5 Beobachtungspanzerwagen
Another observation vehicle, but with additional equipment, like a scissor type periscope 14 Z Si.7, Fu15 and Fu16 radio sets with 2 m rod aerials.
The standard mortar carrier (Gerält 897), equipped with the 8 cm (3.15 in) GrW 34 mortar, fixed internally and given to the 4th platoon of each Leichter Panzer Aufklärungs companie (42 rounds in store). The (Munitionsfahrzeug) 8 cm GrW Wagen (Granatewerferwagen) was a supply vehicle carrying 66 more rounds and two MG 34 with 2010 rounds for close support. They were generally given to platoon commanders with additional radio equipment.
Sd.Kfz.250/8 Leichte Schützenpanzerwagen (7.5cm)
This was the SPG version, carrying the short barrel 75 mm (2.95 in) KwK 37 L/24 howitzer and, later, a K51(Sf) with 20 rounds in store. Production started in the spring of 1943 with the Alte chassis, and then switched to the Neu chassis in 1944.
Sd.Kfz.250/9 leichte Schützenpanzerwagen (2cm)
Introduced in March 1942. 30 were ordered and sent to Russia to replace armored cars in the reconnaissance role, armed with a 20 mm (0.79 in) KwK 38 autocannon, mounted on the Sd.Kfz.222 turret, and later received a Hängelafette 38 and FuG 12 radio. After successful operations, mass production started in May 1943.
Sd.Kfz.250/10 leichte Schützenpanzerwagen (3.7 cm Pak)
Tank hunter version armed with the standard Pak 36 with 216 rounds of ammunition and an MG 34. These were often issued to platoon leaders.
The other tank hunter, equipped with the tapered-bore recoilless 28 mm (1.1 in) sPzB-41, with 168 rounds in store, and an MG 34 or 42, generally issued to platoon leaders. The gun carriage was also carried, so that the gun could be dismounted and used separately.
Sd.Kfz.250/12 leichte Messtruppanzerwagen
The artillery range spotting vehicle, equipped with a FuG 8/FuG 12 radio.
Sd.Kfz.252 leichte Gepanzerte Munitionskraftwagen
The standard ammunition carrier, with a lower superstructure at the rear (storage bay), double doors, and carrying a trailer. 30 built in June 1940, replaced by the Sd.Kfz.250/6. Used with Sturmartillerie batteries or for the resupply of Sturmgeschütz vehicles.
A specialized artillery observation vehicle with a roof and circular hatch with binocular for the observer. 25 built in March-June 1940, with a folding FuG 15 and FuG 16 aerial.
The Sd.Kfz.250 in service
The standard 250/1 and most variants were given to reconnaissance units (Panzer Aufklärungs) working with the Panzer and Panzergrenadier divisions (28 and 18 were issued respectively). Tactically, they were used as APCs, carrying reconnaissance sections. Variants produced early on were added as organic support (artillery, AT and AA defense) for these units. Their first active commitment was during the battle of France (May-June 1940).
They saw action in the Balkan campaign (April-May 1941), as well as the whole North African campaign. Among these vehicles, Rommel’s famous command vehicle “Greif” was abundantly seen on German newsreels. The Eastern Front was their main battleground until 1944. The large “bedframe” antennas of the observation/command vehicles made them easy targets to spot and most were later equipped with light aerials (whip antennae).
The Sd.Kfz.250 was reliable, had excellent cross-country capabilities and offered a good protection against small arms fire and shrapnel, but was costly to manufacture and cramped inside. It was nevertheless produced in increasing quantities by 1944 (thanks to the simplified “Neu art”), and used until the capitulation.
3.62m x 1.91m x 1.63 m (11’10” x 6’3″ x 5’4″ ft.in)
Total weight, battle ready
5.8 tons (12,800 lbs)
Crew
2+4 (driver, co-driver, 4 seats)
Propulsion
Maybach 6-cyl. water-cooled HL42 TRKM petrol, 99 hp (74 kW)
Top speed
76 km/h (47 mph)
Maximum range (on/off road)
320/200 km (200/120 mi)
Armament
1 or 2 x 7.92 mm (0.31 in) MG 34 with 1500 rounds
Armor
5.5 to 14 mm (0.22 – 0.57 in)
Production
6628
Sd.Kfz.250/1 leichter Schützenpanzerwagen, France, June 1940.
Sd.Kfz.250/1, Stalingrad, winter 1942-43.
Sd.Kfz.250/1 nA leichter Schützenpanzerwagen, Russia, early 1944.
Sd.Kfz.250/1 nA of the 5th Panzerdivision Wiking, Hungary, 1945.
Sd.Kfz.250/2 Fernsprechpanzerwagen (telephone cable layer), Russia, 1941.
Sd.Kfz.250/3 Funkpanzerwagen, personal vehicle of Feldmarshall Erwin Rommel, DAK, North Africa, 1942.
Sd.Kfz.250/5 Beobachtungspanzerwagen, Russia, 1942.
Sd.Kfz.250/7 Granatwerfer (mortar carrier).
An unfortunately erroneous illustration of the Sd.Kfz.250/8 Leichte Schützenpanzerwagen (7.5cm) in Russia, 1943. All Sd.Kfz.250/8 were based on the Neu type hull, not on the Alt, as seen here.
Sd.Kfz.250/9, leichte Schützenpanzerwagen 2 cm KwK 38, Russia, 1944.
Sd.Kfz.250/10 nA with its Pak 36.
Sd.Kfz.250/11 schwerer Panzerbüchse 41, Normandy, summer 1944.
Sd.Kfz.252 leichte Gepanzerte Munitionskraftwagen, North Africa, 1942.
Gallery
Surviving Sd.Kfz.250
Restored Sd.Kfz.250 German Army halftrack at the Wheatcroft Military Collection, Donington Race Course, UK Germans Tanks of ww2
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German Reich (1939)
