Category: Modern Spanish Armor

MM-1A Mk-2 Falcata

Kingdom of Spain (2015)
Aerodropable Vehicle – 24-30 in service

The Paratrooper Brigade “Almogávares” VI (Brigada “Almogávares” VI de Paracaidistas – BOP PAC VI), until 2015 known as the Paratroopers Light Infantry Brigade “Almogávares” VI (Brigada de Infantería Ligera Paracaidista “Almogávares” VI), stands as the premier airborne force within the Spanish Army, entrusted with swift deployment into hostile territories via aerial means. In alignment with their mission, a good part of their vehicle fleet boasts of being lightweight, agile, and swift. Among this distinguished fleet stands the Falcata, an epitome of these attributes. Referred to as the “Mula Falcata” within military circles, or by its manufacturer’s designation, the MM-1A Mk-2 Falcata, this multipurpose air-deployable vehicle stands out for its compact design and versatile capabilities.

One of the Falcata in service in the Spanish Army. Source: El Ejército de Tierra introduce mejoras en la mula Falcata de la Brigada Paracaidista (infodefensa.com)

Historical Context – What is the BRIPAC?

The Paratrooper Brigade (Brigada Paracaidista BRIPAC), the popular name for the Paratrooper Brigade “Almogávares” VI, is one of Spain’s elite forces, specifically under the umbrella of the land army. BRIPAC’s history traces back to around 1953, with the inception of the 1st Paratrooper Battalion, culminating in the formal organization of the BRIPAC in 1966.

Over the years, it has played roles in various international missions. For instance, it contributed to Operation Provide Comfort in Iraq in 1991, aimed at safeguarding the Kurdish population following attacks during the Gulf War. Additionally, the BRIPAC has been involved in interventions in Yugoslavia, Kosovo, Mozambique, and Afghanistan, as well as non-combat missions, such as aiding in the reconstruction of infrastructure in Pakistan after the 2005 earthquake in the Kashmir region.

An URO VAMTAC ST5 of the BRIPAC equipped with a Spike missile. Source: El material de la BRIPAC -noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa Galería

An Iveco LMV along with a RG-31 Mk.5E Nyala, both in service in the BRIPAC. Source: El material de la BRIPAC -noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa Galería

A 155/52 artillery gun of the BRIPAC. Source: El material de la BRIPAC -noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa Galería

Since 2017, the Regimiento de Caballería «Lusitania» n.º 8 (‘Lusitania Cavalry Regiment No. 8) is a part of the BRIPAC. As a result, BRIPAC also has access to better armored equipment, such as the VRCC-105 Centauro B1 (pictured)), BMR, or VEC M1. Source: FUERZAS DE ELITE: Exposicion RCL Lusitania 8 (fisher2.blogspot.com)

As a light paratrooper unit, one of the groups within this brigade is the GTRI (Grupo Táctico de Respuesta Inmediata – Immediate Response Tactical Group), a military unit tasked with expeditionary missions and maintaining high availability. This group is assigned to control strategic objectives that cannot be reached by other conventional forces. The principal missions of this group include:

Aerial assault operations, such as capturing strategic objectives like airports, logistics centers, or transmission hubs swiftly and leveraging the element of surprise.
Logistical support for isolated military units that are inaccessible by land.
Civilian rescue, convoy escort.
Humanitarian missions, such as collaborating with civilian units during natural disasters like floods, earthquakes, and other emergencies.

The nature of missions assigned to the GTRI necessitates that their vehicles be significantly lighter, rapidly deployable, and capable of conducting both logistical and tactical operations, unlike vehicles used by other units within the BRIPAC.

A Spanish VAMTAC LTV SOV, a 4×4 vehicle developed by the Spanish company UROVESA (URO, Vehículos Especiales, S.A.), was observed alongside other vehicles of the BRIPAC during the Quick Lion 2022 exercise, although it has not been confirmed whether this vehicle has been officially commissioned into service. It was probably considered specifically for the GTRI.
Source: Ejército de Tierra evalúa nuevos vehículos ligeros todo terreno – Noticias Defensa España

Naturally, one of the essential vehicle types needed by the GTRI is an air-droppable light off-road vehicle to fulfill its missions. This need led the BRIPAC to introduce the Falcata. The use of such vehicles is not exclusive to BRIPAC, as similar vehicles are employed in other countries. For instance, a notable example is the French VBL (Véhicule Blindé Léger – Light Armored Vehicle), distinguished from other vehicles of its class by its armor resistance against 5.56 mm rounds and its service in various conflicts. Comparable vehicles to the Falcata include the American GMV Flyer 72 and the British ATMP.

A French VBL in Afghanistan. Source: VBL RHP Afghanistan – Véhicule Blindé Léger – Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

American GMV Flyer 72. Source: THE FLYER 72 – LD – Flyer Defense

British ATMP. Source: Supacat announces ATMP Modernisation Programme to future hybrid and autonomy – Supacat – high mobility vehicles

History of BRIPAC’s Air Droppable Vehicles

Although the Spanish Falcata was introduced in 2017, the history of this type of vehicle in the Paratrooper Brigade dates back to the 1990s. The BRIPAC gained experience with such vehicles starting in 1995, with the introduction of the French Lohr Fardier, specifically the Holman FL-501 version. This compact, all-terrain vehicle was capable of being air-dropped by parachute and served both as a material transporter and a weapons platform. Its primary drawback was its limited capacity, accommodating only two crew.

The Holman FL-501. Source: Pinterest

This vehicle remained in service until the beginning of the 2000s, when it was decided to replace it with the Italian SPA FOX, an air droppable vehicle capable of transporting six crew. The SPA FOX also featured a hoist that facilitated easier handling of cargo.

A SPA FOX in service with the Spanish paratroopers. Source: Spa Fox (34fd) | Spa Fox BRIPAC, Ejército de Tierra | Alfredo Gutiérrez González | Flickr

The Italian SPA FOX remained in service until it was modernized by Quatripole Ingeniería Sociedad Limitada (Quatripole Engineering Limited Company) in 2007, a now-defunct Spanish company that specialized in providing technological solutions across various sectors, including civilian and military. The Spanish Army approved an offer from Quatripole to upgrade the SPA FOX. As a result, Quatripole developed the Q-150 D, which retained similar characteristics to the original Italian vehicle but featured a redesigned configuration to accommodate new options, such as a weapon platform or transmission vehicle.

A Q-150 D of the BRIPAC. Source: Quatripole defiende que su vehículo aerolanzable cumple los requerimientos técnicos marcados por el Ejército (infodefensa.com)

The Complex Process of a Replacement

The Q-150 D remained in service until December of 2013, when the Spanish Army initiated a competition for the acquisition of a new air droppable vehicle for the Paratrooper Brigade. The requirements for the new vehicle, based on the contract, were as follows:

maximum price per unit of €83,200
maximum speed of at least 50 km/h
minimum range of 500 km
maximum kerb weight of 2,400 kg
capable of carrying 650 kg of equipment or 6 crew
must include a gun mount capable of operating heavy machine guns, 40 mm automatic grenade launchers, anti-tank missiles such as TOW or Spike, and anti-air missiles such as Mistral
capable of parachute deployment from aircraft such as the C-130 Hercules, as well as transport in aircraft such as the C295 or A400M, or inside the CH-47 helicopter, either internally or by sling

The competition featured two contenders: the previous Q-150D and the Falcata, proposed by EINSA (Equipos Industriales de Manutención Sociedad Anónima – Industrial Handling Equipment Limited Society). EINSA is another Spanish company that primarily develops components for military and civilian applications, including helicopters and planes, and also specializes in the development of multipurpose vehicles. Notably, EINSA designed the Netón, a 4×4 vehicle used in special operations by the Spanish MOE (Mando de Operaciones Especiales – Special Operations Command) and the Spanish FGNE (Fuerza de Guerra Naval Especial – Naval Special Warfare Force).

MOE operators during a Spanish military parade in 2022 along with the Netón developed by EINSA. Source: El desfile del Día de las Fuerzas Armadas 2022: el vídeo completo y más imágenes (outono.net)

EINSA had previous experience working with the military before the Falcata. The MM-1A, shown in the image, was a vehicle that entered service with twelve units in the Navy in 2000. It served as both a logistical vehicle and as troop transport. Source: Desarrollo y Defensa: La Mula Mecánica EINSA MM-1 (España)‏

The MV-3 Titán was another vehicle developed by EINSA that entered service in the Navy in the mid-1980s. However, due to its lack of amphibious capabilities and low ground clearance, which restricted its use to only favorable terrain, the vehicle was quickly forgotten within the Navy. Source: Ministerio de Defensa. Los vehículos de INFANTERÍA DE MARINA 1958/2023. 2024.

The process of selecting the vehicle for the BRIPAC was highly complex. Just one month after the competition was announced, the program faced a temporary halt due to protests from EINSA, who argued that the technical requirements were too complex to allow for proposals to be prepared within the 40-day time limit. Additionally, there were complaints about the government’s competition documentation, which was deemed difficult to comprehend and potentially confusing.

On April 23, 2014, the Spanish Government issued revised documentation for the vehicle’s selection process, addressing concerns about unclear wording. It was stated that the Government intended to contract 29 vehicles by December 29, 2014. EINSA requested additional information from the Government on May 7, 2014, and received a response on May 23. However, as EINSA still found the information unclear, they requested further clarification on June 2, 2014. Testing of the two contenders began at the end of that month.

The contract award took longer than initially expected. On June 12, 2015, it was announced that the Falcata would be the new air droppable vehicle for the BRIPAC. This decision followed tests that revealed shortcomings with the Q-150D, including the brake system’s inability to hold the vehicle stationary on slopes steeper than 60%, longer vehicle assembly times than required, and fuel and power steering fluid leaks.

Quatripole contested the results, claiming that the brake requirements were not included in the technical requirements outlined by the Government. They also addressed the issues of fuel and fluid leaks, arguing that these are common problems in such selection processes and could be easily remedied. Additionally, Quatripole pointed out that the personnel involved in testing the vehicles did not inform them of any malfunctions during testing. Unfortunately for Quatripole, their complaints had no effect, and the selection process for the Falcata continued. By around 2017, the first vehicles began entering service with the BRIPAC.

Four Falcatas in service with the BRIPAC. Source: La Brigada Paracaidista evalúa diferentes sistemas de armas sobre su Vehículo Aerolanzable Falcata-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

Name

The name “Falcata” is derived from a sword-like weapon of the same name used by pre-Roman Iberian tribes. The decision to choose this name for the vehicle reflects a recurring practice at EINSA, where product names often reference this historical era. For instance, the “Netón”, a special operations vehicle, is directly named after the Iberian god of war.

A Falcata, the weapon that was the origin of the name of the 4×4. Source: Falcata procedente de la Necrópolis de Los Collados (Almedinilla) – M.A.N 01 – Falcata – Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

In the Spanish Army, the Falcata is often referred to as ‘Mula Falcata’ or simply ‘Mula’. The term ‘Mula’ (meaning ‘mule’ in English) is probably a call back to the American Willys M-274 Mule, a compact utility vehicle that entered service across various branches of the Spanish Army during the mid-1950s through the American aid program. It is interesting to note that virtually all vehicles of this characteristic (compact multipurpose and aerodroppable vehicles) in service with the Spanish Army have historically been referred to as ‘Mule’, underscoring the significance of the Willys M-274 within the Spanish Army.

A M-274 Mule of the Spanish Navy. Source: Ministerio de Defensa. Los vehículos de INFANTERÍA DE MARINA 1958/2023. 2024.

Design

The Falcatas feature a distinctly boxy design, with a simple chassis and compact dimensions, measuring just 3.65 m in length, 1.98 m in width, and 2 m in height. This compact size allows the vehicle to blend easily into its surroundings when camouflaged with appropriate elements, such as camouflage nets.

General dimensions of the Falcata. Source: Gutiérrez Jiménez, Manuel. “Estudio y propuesta de mejora de la Mula Falcata en el Grupo Táctico de Respuesta Inmediata.” Centro Universitario de la Defensa – Academia General Militar, 2020, p. 35.

The design is highly versatile, allowing it to be configured for various roles, including as a weapon carrier, artillery tractor, or personnel transporter. The vehicle is lightweight, at only 2,000 kg. Coupled with its 122 hp engine and 4×4 traction, it performs well across diverse terrains.

Driving test of the Falcata by the BRIPAC on rough terrain. Source: El Mando de Apoyo Logístico del Ejército pone a prueba el Vehículo Especial Aerolanzable “Falcata”-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

Engine and Chassis

The vehicle is powered by a 120 hp DT224 Ford engine, which, combined with its low weight, provides excellent maneuverability. The engine’s commonality on the civilian market ensures easy access to parts and components, simplifying logistical operations. The vehicle is equipped with an automatic transmission.

The DT224 Ford engine, in this case from a Land Rover. Source: Engine specifications for Land Rover 224DT, characteristics, oil, performance (mymotorlist.com)

It is important to note that, as expected from its chassis design, the vehicle is not armored. In terms of mobility, the vehicle has a speed limit of 100 km/h.

Transportability

The vehicle can be transported aboard the C295 or A400M cargo planes operated by the Ejército del Aire y del Espacio (Air and Space Army). Additionally, it is compatible with transportation via Chinook helicopters, both internally and externally. The Cougar helicopter is also capable of externally transporting the vehicle using ropes.

A Falcata being transported externally by a Chinook helicopter. Source: Así es la ‘mula’ Falcata, el vehículo multiusos de los paracaidistas del Ejército de Tierra (infodefensa.com)

Depending on whether the Falcata is or not being deployed by parachute from an aircraft, the following numbers can be carried:

	C-295	C-130 Hércules	A-400
If not deployed by air	3	3	4
If deployed by air	0	3	4

Number of Falcata vehicles that fit into the cargo holds of different models of Air Force aircraft depending on whether they are going to be deployed in the air or not. Source: Gutiérrez Jiménez, Manuel. “Estudio y propuesta de mejora de la Mula Falcata en el Grupo Táctico de Respuesta Inmediata.” Centro Universitario de la Defensa – Academia General Militar, 2020, p. 12.

Roles

Depending of the necessities the BRIPAC needs, the vehicle can be configured into various roles:

Gun Platform

In missions requiring enhanced firepower for paratroopers, the Falcata can serve as a gun platform. By retracting the windshield, the vehicle reveals a gun mount positioned for the copilot. This mount accommodates either a 5.56 mm Heckler & Koch MG4 light machine gun or a 7.62 mm MG 3 machine gun.

A Falcata armed with a 7.62 mm MG 3 machine gun. Source: https://twitter.com/Defensagob/status/1407669772310003716/photo/1

Another Falcata equipped in this case with a 5.56 mm MG4 light machine gun. Source: Así es la ‘mula’ Falcata, el vehículo multiusos de los paracaidistas del Ejército de Tierra (infodefensa.com)

At the rear of the vehicle, a versatile gun mount can be installed to accommodate various weapons. This mount can support a 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, a 40 mm LAG-40 automatic grenade launcher, or, when facing armored threats, a Spike anti-tank missile launcher.

A Falcata equipped with a 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun. Source: La Brigada Paracaidista evalúa diferentes sistemas de armas sobre su Vehículo Aerolanzable Falcata-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

A Falcata with a 40 mm LAG-40 automatic grenade launcher. Source: La Brigada Paracaidista evalúa diferentes sistemas de armas sobre su Vehículo Aerolanzable Falcata-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

In this case, for armor targets, this Falcata is equipped with a Spike LR anti-tank missile launcher. Source: (24) Publicación | LinkedIn

Interestingly, other weapons were considered for the Falcata. For instance, EINSA collaborated with a student from the Military University of Zaragoza to explore the feasibility of installing the Mistral anti-aircraft missile launcher on this vehicle. The initial studies indicated promise, although it remains unclear whether this concept progressed to a prototype or remained as a proposal.

A 3D model made by EINSA of the integration of the Mistral missile in the Falcata. Source: Huertas Calzada, Pablo. “Estudio de montaje del Puesto de Tiro Mistral SVT-SILAM sobre vehículo “MK1A FALKATA EINSA” y sus capacidades en Operaciones de Asalto Aéreo (OAA) y aerotransporte.” Centro Universitario de la Defensa-Academia General Militar, 2020, p. 37.

Artillery Tractor or General Cargo

If the vehicle needs to do logistical operations, the Falcata can transport around 1,000 kilograms of equipment on the back. Additionally, it can also tow a weight of 3,050 kilograms, ideal for the different artillery pieces of the BRIPAC.

A Falcata prepared to tow a British Light gun. Source: Los Vehículos Especiales Aerolanzables Falcata del Ejército de Tierra camino de cumplir un año de operación-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

Personnel Carrier

In missions involving the rescue of civilians, personnel transport, or evacuation of injured individuals, the rear of the Falcata can be configured to transport personnel. This setup allows for the transportation of up to six individuals in the vehicle’s rear compartment.

Configuration of the Falcata to transport personnel. Source: Gutiérrez Jiménez, Manuel. “Estudio y propuesta de mejora de la Mula Falcata en el Grupo Táctico de Respuesta Inmediata.” Centro Universitario de la Defensa – Academia General Militar, 2020, p. 14.

Communications Vehicle

In scenarios where direct coordination with superiors is necessary, the Falcata can serve as a communications vehicle. The rear of the vehicle can be adapted into a mobile command post to facilitate mission coordination and communication.

A Falcata configured as a communications vehicle. This particular configuration is also sometimes referred to as Águila (Eagle) by the BRIPAC. Source: Nuevas capacidades del vehículo aerolanzable Falcata de la BRIPAC – Noticias Defensa España

An Águila’s communications command post. Source: Nuevas capacidades del vehículo aerolanzable Falcata de la BRIPAC – Noticias Defensa España

Reception in the Army

The first deliveries of the Falcata were made in 2017 exclusively to the BRIPAC. Currently, there are approximately 24-30 units in service with this unit. Overall, the BRIPAC’s assessment of the Falcata is positive, describing it as a robust and reliable vehicle with no significant deficiencies. Efforts are underway to address areas for potential improvement, such as enhancing radio capabilities and resolving issues with the rear multipurpose gun mount.

While there is no recorded deployment in Spanish Army missions to date, the vehicle is commonly seen in military parades involving the BRIPAC and during training exercises. Initially, the vehicle will be used exclusively by BRIPAC. However, it would not be surprising if, in the future, it is also adopted by various special forces units in Spain or even exported to other countries.

Two Falcatas during a Spanish military parade in 2022 in Huesca, Spain. Source: El desfile del Día de las Fuerzas Armadas 2022: el vídeo completo y más imágenes (outono.net)

Antarctic Falcata

It is noteworthy that one of the Spanish Army’s Falcatas was deployed in the unusual setting of the Antarctic. Since 1988, the Spanish Army has provided logistical support for scientific research at the Gabriel de Castilla Base located in Antarctica. This base serves as a hub for Spanish civilian and military institutions conducting research on the continent. To enhance logistical operations at the base, a Falcata vehicle from the BRIPAC was donated for transporting scientific cargo. This specific Falcata underwent modifications, including adjustments to its fluids and batteries to operate effectively in the extreme cold temperatures of the Antarctic. The vehicle was sent on November 12, 2019, and is likely still stationed at the base, providing ongoing logistical support.

The Falcata being prepared to be shipped to the Antarctic. Source: El Vehículo Especial Aerolanzable Falcata del Ejército de Tierra rumbo a la Antártida-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

Conclusion

Although its entry into service was challenging, the Falcata has proven to be a successful vehicle within the Army. Meeting nearly all operational requirements, it has equipped the BRIPAC with a robust and versatile platform capable of fulfilling a variety of mission profiles. Since its initial delivery in 2017, between 24 and 30 units have been deployed in the BRIPAC, receiving praise for their reliability and resilience in the training. Additionally, one Falcata was adapted and sent to the Gabriel de Castilla Base in Antarctica in 2019, highlighting its versatility in operating in extreme conditions.

It can be anticipated that various variants of this vehicle will be developed in the future, leveraging its success in the field and responding to the changing needs of the Army. The adaptation of the Falcata for diverse missions, including personnel transport, mobile command, and logistical support in demanding environments like Antarctica, underscores its capability to fulfill multiple strategic roles. In summary, the Falcata has left a positive and promising impression on the Army, paving the way for new innovations and applications within the Spanish military forces.

Falcata armed with a 40 mm LAG-40 automatic grenade launcher. Illustration by David Bocquelet.

	Falcata	ATMP	VBL	Flyer 72
Country origin	Spain	UK	France	United States
Weight (kg)	2,000	2,000	3,500-4,000	2,857
Engine (hp)	120	78	95	195
Specific power (hp/tonne)	60	39	23-27	68
Max velocity (km/h)	100	64	90	153
Range (km)	600	850	600	483
Personal capacity	8	8	3	9
Maximum towable load (kg)	3,000	3,450	1,200	2,000
Length (m)	3.65	3.44	3.8	4.6
Width (m)	1.98	1.93	2.02	1.82
Height (m)	2	1.87	1.74	1.82

Comparison of the Falcata with other vehicles of its class. Source: Gutiérrez Jiménez, Manuel. “Estudio y propuesta de mejora de la Mula Falcata en el Grupo Táctico de Respuesta Inmediata.” Centro Universitario de la Defensa – Academia General Militar, 2020, p. 14., with additions by the author

Sources

Gutiérrez Jiménez, Manuel. “Estudio y propuesta de mejora de la Mula Falcata en el Grupo Táctico de Respuesta Inmediata.” Centro Universitario de la Defensa – Academia General Militar, 2020

Huertas Calzada, Pablo. “Estudio de montaje del Puesto de Tiro Mistral SVT-SILAM sobre vehículo “MK1A FALKATA EINSA” y sus capacidades en Operaciones de Asalto Aéreo (OAA) y aerotransporte.” Centro Universitario de la Defensa-Academia General Militar, 2020

Ministerio de Defensa. Los vehículos de INFANTERÍA DE MARINA 1958/2023. 2024.

THE FLYER 72 – Flyer Defense

All Terrain Mobile Platform (ATMP), United Kingdom (army-technology.com)

LAV: Vehículo blindado ligero | Ministerio de las Fuerzas Armadas (defense.gouv.fr)

Contenido – Ejército de tierra (defensa.gob.es)

La ministra de Defensa celebra con la Brigada ‘Almogávares’ VI de Paracaidistas la festividad de la Inmaculada Concepción – Ministerio de Defensa de España

El material de la BRIPAC -noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa Galería

Quatripole defiende que su vehículo aerolanzable cumple los requerimientos técnicos marcados por el Ejército (infodefensa.com)

Sobre Einsa – Equipos Industriales de Manutención S.A. (EINSA)

El largo y tortuoso camino para dotar a la Brigada Paracaidista del Ejército con nuevos Vehículos Especiales Aerolanzables – Noticias Defensa Documentos

El Ejército de Tierra adjudica a EINSA el acuerdo marco de mulas mecánicas por 1,6 millones (infodefensa.com)

El Vehículo Especial Aerolanzable Falcata del Ejército de Tierra rumbo a la Antártida-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

Modern Spanish Armor

Leopardo 2E “Evolución Tortuga”

Post author By Javier Sánchez
Post date August 21, 2024
No Comments on Leopardo 2E “Evolución Tortuga”

The completed prototype of the Tortuga. Illustration done by David Bocquelet.

Kingdom of Spain (2017)
Main Battle Tank – 1 Prototype Built

Since 2010, there have been two prominent categories in the development of tanks: the first comprises new designs, such as the Russian T-14 Armata, the Chinese ZTQ-15, or the German KF-51 Panther. The second major group consists of modifications to existing vehicles, exemplified by the Czech T-72 Scarab, the Peruvian-Ukrainian Tifón 2A, or the Chinese Type 99A. These modifications aim to ensure that the respective base vehicles remain updated and relevant in the face of evolving threats. The Tortuga falls into the latter category. Originating as a Spanish project, the Tortuga aimed to enhance the capabilities of the Leopardo 2E, adapting it to confront emerging challenges in modern warfare. Conceived by a commander within the Brigada ‘Guadarrama XII’ operating the Leopardo 2E, the project served as a platform for studying potential upgrades applicable to Spain’s current main battle tanks.

Prototype of the Tortuga. Photo made by Brigadier López, the designer that led the project.

A Note of Thanks
Special gratitude is extended to Brigadier López, the mastermind behind the project, who provided invaluable information and photos that were otherwise unavailable on the internet. Appreciation is also extended to captains Ramón and Verdú, corporals Diez, Escribano, Blanco, Rios, and Peñarubia, as well as the technical staff Gio, Santiago, Domingo, Eduardo, and Ruben. We would like to express our thanks to the entire Brigada ‘Guadarrama XII’, the military unit of the Spanish Army where the Tortuga was conceived and brought to life, for their help with researching this article.

Warning
This article incorporates information provided by Brigadier López. As a result, several details presented here may not be accessible on the internet or in the article’s bibliography. It is important to note that, due to the project’s sensitive nature and the current status of the vehicle, certain aspects of the prototype are classified. Consequently, this article will only cover information that can be shared with the public.

Historical Context

A Brief Introduction to the Leopardo 2E

At the beginning of 1993, the situation with Spanish armored vehicles was notably intricate. The fleet primarily comprised French AMX-30 tanks dating back to 1970, along with a mix of American M47 and M48 tanks provided through aid since 1953, featuring various versions. To address the need for modernization and to replace the aging American tanks, the Spanish Army also acquired M60A1 and M60A3 tanks.

Model of the vehicle	Quantity
AMX-30ER1	60
M48 A5E2	164
AMX-30EM2	150
M60 A3TTS	244
M60 A1	50
Total	668

Situation of the main battle tanks in Spain in 1995. Source: Candil Muñoz, Antonio Jose. “Historia del Leopard 2 en España.” Revista Ejércitos, no. 5, 2010, p. 81.

The glaring inadequacy of Spain’s armored vehicles demanded urgent replacement. In response to Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Jose Candil Muñoz’s 1993 proposal, underscoring the deficiencies in equipment and advocating for the acquisition of Leopard 2 tanks, decisive steps were taken. In the summer of 1994, a Spanish delegation engaged in discussions with the German Ministry of Defense.

Initially, Germany hesitated to sell Leopard 2 tanks to the Spanish Army, suggesting Leopard 1A5 models instead, along with surplus Soviet equipment from the former East Germany (likely T-72 main battle tanks, which posed potential logistical challenges and spare parts availability issues for Spain). Following rigorous negotiations, an agreement was ultimately reached, leading to the Spanish Army’s acquisition of 108 Leopard 2A4 tanks from the German Army, which were delivered in 1998.

A Spanish Leopard 2A4 in 2010. Source: Lince (carro de combate) – Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

This delegation also had another objective – the development of a new Leopard 2 variant specifically tailored for the Spanish Army. Krauss-Maffei representatives President Gerhard Hass, Sales Director Franz Stangl, and Engineer Director Rudolf Opiela, along with Hans Ohlert, who was proficient in Spanish and had a solid understanding of the Spanish industrial sector, convened with the Spanish delegation to discuss the creation of the new vehicle.

Surprisingly, this project faced resistance from the Spanish industry. Strangely enough, years before the concept of the Leopardo 2E emerged, Santa Bárbara Sistemas had been engaged in the modernization of the M60, known as the M60A3E1 or “Cristobita”. As Spain was set to acquire the Leopard 2, there seemed to be no rationale for further modernizing the M60. Consequently, Santa Bárbara Sistemas perceived this initiative as a potential loss of business.

The M60A3E1 prototypes, which got canceled after the acquisition of the Leopard 2 started. Source: (297) Pinterest

The remainder of 1994 was dedicated to conducting trials, holding meetings, and engaging in discussions with Krauss-Maffei to finalize the technical characteristics of the future vehicle. In March 1995, it was officially announced that the Programa Coraza 2000 was underway, a comprehensive program aimed at modernizing the Spanish Army. This initiative encompassed the Leopardo 2E, along with other projects, such as the ASCOD Pizarro and the Eurocopter Tiger, as well as the effective integration of the Leopard 2A4 into service.

In early 1996, the first Leopard 2A4 tanks began arriving in Spain, marking the initial steps toward defining the future Leopardo 2E. These Leopard 2A4 units served as study vehicles to refine the design of the upcoming Leopardo 2E. Initially, the plan was to use the Leopard 2A5 as the base, but later, the Leopard 2A6 became the preferred option.

Throughout this period, interesting anecdotes emerged. For instance, the president of the French GIAT company wrote a letter to the Ministry of Defense advocating for the French Leclerc as the ideal main battle tank for Spain, denouncing the Leopard 2 as an unreliable vehicle with numerous defects and suggesting dissatisfaction from the Swedish side. It is unclear whether this letter was responded to or simply ignored.

By the year 2000, decisions regarding the industrial structure for manufacturing the vehicle were being made. Santa Bárbara Sistemas was chosen to collaborate with the German Krauss-Maffei in the development of the Leopardo 2E. The contract included 219 Leopardo 2E tanks, 4 training vehicles, and 16 recovery vehicles known as Buffel (Buffalo), designated as Leopard 2ER in Spain.

The development process was complicated and riddled with problems, with one major hurdle being the entry of General Dynamics, the creators of the M1 Abrams, into the fray. Santa Bárbara Sistemas became part of the conglomerate of companies under General Dynamics in Europe. While this collaboration could have been unproblematic, it led to tensions, as Krauss-Maffei had previously shared technical details and blueprints of the Leopard 2 with engineers from Santa Bárbara Sistemas, effectively teaching its direct rival how to replicate their own product. This development nearly led to the cancellation of the entire program, continuing with a degree of paranoia. Anecdotes from former military personnel involved in the program include details like ceramic armor plates being kept in a secure box requiring two keys, one held by a manager of Santa Bárbara Sistemas and the other by a manager of Krauss-Maffei.

Despite the problems, the program was finished, having a quite good reputation inside the army. In the photo, a Leopardo 2E during the armed forces day in Zaragoza in 2008. Source: Leopardo 2E. zaragoza 1 – Leopardo 2E – Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

Times of Change

Since 2003, the Leopardo 2E has been in active service with the Spanish military, progressively replacing the original main battle tanks and establishing itself as the cornerstone of the armored forces in Spain. Despite never experiencing actual combat, the Leopardo 2E is highly regarded within the Spanish Army. However, as time passes, the need for updates becomes essential to prevent obsolescence and effectively address emerging threats.

Armies that operate the Leopard 2 have started to upgrade it. In the photo, a Canadian Leopard 2A6M CAN. Source: Leopard 2 Main Battle Tank (inetres.com)

At the beginning of the 2010s, the Spanish Army initiated a study of the Leopard 2 tanks that were in service in other countries. This examination involved scrutinizing the various updates and additions implemented by these nations to adapt to the evolving threats of modern warfare.

While the specific details of this study remain restricted, it is plausible to assume that the army had intentions to upgrade the Leopard 2, and this research served as a means to gather ideas for enhancing the Leopardo 2E.

The Evolution “Tortuga”

At the early to mid of 2017, members of the Guadarrama XII, one of the armored brigades of the Spanish Army’s Ejército de Tierra (Ground Army), revealed the modification of one of its Leopardo 2E tanks as a proposed upgrade to existing vehicles. Within their inventory, the Guadarrama XII possesses a variety of armored vehicles, including the ASCOD Pizarro infantry fighting vehicles, M113s, and the Leopardo 2E. This inventory provides them with a nuanced understanding of the virtues and potential areas for improvement in the Leopardo 2E, driving their initiative to explore upgrades for enhanced performance.

Partially complete prototype of the Tortuga. Source: Fuerza 35, el futuro tecnológico del Ejército de Tierra – Noticias Defensa Entorno Operativo 2035

Nicknamed ‘Tortuga’ (turtle), the initiative to modify the Leopardo 2E was spearheaded by Brigadier Lopez, a military figure within the Guadarrama XII. As the commander of a Leopardo 2E and with previous experience as a driver of the ASCOD Pizarro, Brigadier Lopez possesses a wealth of knowledge in armored tracked vehicles. Motivated by his own initiative and likely influenced by the ongoing studies conducted by the Spanish Army on foreign Leopard 2 tanks, he took the lead in creating blueprints for a modified Leopardo 2E.

These modifications were carefully crafted, drawing inspiration from the experiences and modifications observed in the main battle tanks used in contemporary conflicts around the world. To bring his vision to life, Brigadier Lopez reached out to companies within the industrial sector that were willing to participate in the project. Subsequently, he sought approval from higher ranks for the modification of one of the Leopardo 2E tanks. The request was granted, and a Leopardo 2E from the Guadarrama XII was donated for the purpose of undergoing the proposed modifications.

Completed prototype of the Tortuga, date unknown. Photo courtesy of Brigadier López

The Companies Involved

Brigadier Lopez collaborated with external companies outside the military sector to fund and execute the project. The contributing non-profit companies included ITE (Integración Tecnologica Empresarial – Enterprise Technology Integration), Metalúrgica Ruher Sociedad Limitada (Ruher Metallurgical Limited Company), Escribano Mechanical & Engineering, FECSA (Fábrica Española De Confecciones Sociedad Anónima – Spanish Tailoring Factory Limited Company), and CeoTronics AG.

Established in 2013, ITE specializes in the maintenance of various vehicles used by the Spanish Army. With a history of contracts, ITE has been involved in maintaining vehicles such as the M47 ER3 recovery vehicles, handling engine maintenance for the F-5M of the Ejército del Aire y del Espacio (Air and Space Force), and even designing specific vehicles, such as boats tailored for engineer platoons or special operations.

Founded in 1991, Metalúrgica Ruher Sociedad Limitada is relatively less involved in the defense industry compared to other participating companies. This company focuses on creating decorations and structures, primarily using stainless steel. Their work encompasses various projects such as decoration, marquee canopies, elevator cabins, railings, and modular train containers.

Escribano Mechanical & Engineering, on the other hand, is a well-known Spanish company deeply connected to the defense sector. Renowned for creating diverse remote-controlled weapon stations in service with the Spanish Army, including the Guardian 2.0, Escribano is also involved in designing different turrets for vehicles, like the Guardian 30 or the Cerberus.

title: URO VAMTAC equipped with an Escribano Guardian L-HIT remote-controlled weapon station, armed with a 30 mm gun. Source: Escribano Mechanical and Engineering launches it’s new Remote Weapon System: Guardian L-HIT – EDR Magazine

title: Escribano’s Guardian 30 turret integrated on the new VCR Dragón. Source: La torre de armamento Guardian 30 de Escribano sobre el Demostrador D4 del VCR 8×8 Dragón-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

title: RILA 8×8 Infantry Fighting Vehicle, notice its using the Guardian 30 turret of Escribano. Source: Artículos | OTEOS y APOLO (revistaejercitos.com)

title: Collaboration between the Spanish companies General Dynamics European Land Systems Santa Bárbara Sistemas and Escribano to create an infantry fighting vehicle for export purposes. This vehicle combines the ASCOD hull with the Guardian 30 turret. Source: Eurosatory 2024: Escribano’s Remote Weapon Systems to Upgrade GDELS Vehicles (armyrecognition.com)

title: Anti-drone system Cervus III, developed by Escribano along with other companies. Source: Cervus, el sistema “único” del Ejército de Tierra para neutralizar drones con sello español (infodefensa.com)

FECSA, established in 1934, is another Spanish company primarily operating in the defense sector. This company specializes in manufacturing and supplying textiles to the military, producing items such as anti-fragment vests, ballistic plates, helmet covers, and various helmet models, like ACH LC D2060, COBAT D1205, or V6 D1802.

CeoTronics AG, originally of German origin but with a presence in Spain, is a company specializing in the creation of electronic components for communication systems. Their focus is on developing components for the police, military, or firefighters.

Name

Tortuga translates as “turtle” or “tortoise” in Spanish. The curious reason behind giving this name stems from the fact that the Leopardo 2E designated for modification had the number 312. During that period, Spanish Army companies were often represented by animals, and interestingly, the company associated with Leopardo 312 was symbolized by a turtle. Additionally, since the modified Leopardo 2E received slat armor, a comparison was drawn to the carapace of turtles, leading to the nickname Tortuga. It is also known as Leopardo 2E “Evolución Tortuga” (Leopard 2E “Turtle Evolution”).

Design

The primary focus of the Tortuga‘s modifications was to tailor the vehicle for urban warfare scenarios, with approximately 50 modifications implemented. Due to the project’s confidentiality, not all modifications have been disclosed to the public. The inspiration for these changes was drawn from the experiences of main battle tanks in various conflict zones. Notably, the challenges faced by the Turkish Leopard 2A4 in Syria played a significant role in shaping the Tortuga‘s adaptations.

In the conflict that unfolded in northern Syria in late August 2016, the Turkish Army initially deployed American M60A3 Patton and M60T Sabra tanks, which showcased resilience against the Russian 9M133 Kornet anti-tank guided missile. Subsequently, when Leopard 2A4 tanks were introduced, they encountered difficulties in the urban combat around Al-Bab. Approximately ten Leopard 2A4 tanks were knocked out within a few weeks due to the effective use of anti-tank guided missiles by ISIS. This experience served as a valuable lesson, influencing the modifications made to the Tortuga to ensure its better adaptation and effectiveness in urban warfare scenarios.

A destroyed Turkish Leopard 2A4 in Syria. Source: (299) Pinterest

It is intriguing that the entire vehicle received a camouflage canvas cover, and what is even more unusual is that the camouflage pattern on the canvas is the same as that used on the uniforms of infantry soldiers. The concept behind this choice was to provide cover for the tank crew when working outside the vehicle. By having the tank and crew don the same camouflage pattern, the personnel would be less susceptible to enemy fire because there would be less contrast between the vehicle and the person.

Tank crew in front of the Tortuga, notice how the camouflage is the same. Photo courtesy of Brigadier López

The camouflage scheme that uses the Spanish infantry soldiers as well the Tortuga. Source: Pin page (pinterest.com)

Engine and Chassis

The most conspicuous alteration to the Tortuga is the incorporation of new spaced armor across the entire chassis, a modification executed by Metalúrgica Ruher Sociedad Limitada. This design bears a striking resemblance in concept to the slat armor utilized in the Canadian Leopard 2A6 CAN.

Partial prototype of the Tortuga, where the slat armor can be seen. Source: CIRCULO TRUBIA: TORTUGA

The separation between the main armor and the slat armor on the Tortuga is approximately 400 mm. In order to assess the effectiveness of this configuration, the armor underwent testing against a high-penetration guided projectile. The specific model of the projectile has not been disclosed, emphasizing the confidentiality of the entire project.

title:

title: Armor test of the slat armor with a high penetration round on a test plate. Photo courtesy of Brigadier López

At the front of the chassis, noticeable additions on the Tortuga include armored boxes designed to protect the lights and various frontal sensors of the vehicle. This modification was a response to studies indicating that, during combat, these elements were susceptible to damage from enemy fire. While such damage might not incapacitate the vehicle, it could compromise its overall effectiveness. Therefore, the inclusion of steel plates on the Tortuga serves the purpose of shielding these vulnerable components from potential damage caused by enemy fire during combat situations.

Detail of the armored box in the Tortuga’s hull. Photo courtesy of Brigadier López

While the engine remains unaltered, the introduction of thermal deflectors and a new anti-thermal fabric significantly reduces the vehicle’s thermal signature. However, given the addition of slat armor and a significant number of new devices and equipment, the weight of the vehicle has increased by at least a couple of tonnes. This will have a direct negative impact on the performance of the vehicle and reliability of its drivetrain.

In the subsequent phase of modifications, the prototype of the Tortuga was planned to be equipped with a battering ram, specifically designed for clearing debris in urban combat scenarios. Furthermore, there were plans to reinforce the hull’s underside by fitting polymer plates. However, these ideas were never implemented, and the planned modifications did not come to fruition. The decision may have been influenced by various factors, including technical challenges, operational considerations, or changes in the project’s objectives.

Turret and Armament

The Tortuga’s turret features the same slat armor as that found on the hull. Additionally, on the top of the turret, a welded rod is present. This rod is designed to cut cables at hatch height, providing a protective measure for the crew against such elements. This feature aims to enhance the safety and functionality of the tank in urban and combat environments, where the presence of cables or wires could pose a threat to the crew or hinder the operation of the vehicle.

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title: The Tortuga with the slat armor on the turret mounted. Photo Photo courtesy of Brigadier López

title: Notice how in the later stages of the prototype, apart from the slat armor, the lateral armor of the turret is also improved with additional of steel plates. Photo courtesy of Brigadier López

The firepower of the Tortuga was enhanced with the addition of the American 12.7 mm M2HB heavy machine gun. The decision to opt for a 12.7 mm caliber was driven by the desire to increase firepower while minimizing potential damage in case of accidental fire towards allied armor. It is equipped with a South Korean DCL110 holographic viewfinder and a new flash hider mounted on the end of the barrel. This system includes a magnifying sight and integrates an American laser aiming system from the North American Trizm company.

title: Detailed view of the heavy machine gun as well the new welded wire cutter. Source: defensa.com en X: “Las claves de la Evolución Tortuga del Leopardo 2E del Ejército de Tierra español https://t.co/uyu5zhjGKF @EjercitoTierra @EMADmde https://t.co/vyOjN9sZbU” / X (twitter.com)

title: Detail of the new gun mount. Photo courtesy of Brigadier López

When Escribano joined the project, they offered to contribute the Guardian 2.0 for installation on the vehicle as a gift to Brigadier López. The Guardian 2.0 is one of several remote-controlled weapon stations produced by Escribano, capable of being equipped with various armaments, including the 12.7 mm or rotary cannons. The proposal aimed to replace the manually operated mount of the .50 cal with the remote-controlled weapon station. This not only would enable operating the weapon from within the vehicle, but would also add an additional thermal camera, providing the vehicle with 360º surveillance capability.

Escribano actively worked on the project, presenting blueprints and renders showcasing the Guardian 2.0 mounted on the vehicle. However, due to the extensive modifications required on the turret to accommodate the remote-controlled weapon station, the project ultimately did not proceed with the installation of the Guardian 2.0.

The renders by Escribano showing the Guardian 2.0 mounted on the vehicle. Photo courtesy of Brigadier López

A real Guardian 2.0 remote controlled weapon station, mounted on a wheeled vehicle. Source: Así son las torretas remotas Guardian 2.0 de los blindados VCI Dragón del Ejército de Tierra (outono.net)

Weight (kg) (without guns and ammunition)	240
Range (deg)	-20 to 60
IR uncooled camera	Detection at 8.5 km
	Recon at 2.9 km
	Identification at 2 km
	Zoom 3x
	Resolution 650 x 480 pixels
IR cooled camera	Detection at 17.3 km
	Recon at 5.4 km
	Identification at 3.6 km
	Zoom 8x
	Resolution 640 x 512 pixels
Daytime camera	Detection at 15 km
	Recon at 10.3 km
	Identification at 8.4 km
	Zoom 20x
	Resolution 1920 x 1080 pixels
Laser rangefinder	Maximum reach 15 km
Laser rangefinder	Deflection 5 m

Characteristics of the Guardian 2.0 turret. Source: DATASHEET-G2.0-ESPANOL.pdf (eme-es.com)

While the Tortuga’s primary gun remained unchanged in terms of ammunition or model, it underwent modifications to incorporate new functionalities. Notable enhancements include the integration of an identification friend-or-foe system, a laser designator, and upgraded vision systems with filters. In the planned second phase of the prototype, additional infrared equipment was scheduled to be integrated into the optics, further augmenting the vehicle’s capabilities in low-light or nighttime conditions.

Tests by the Army and Future

In June 2017, the Tortuga underwent testing at the Centro Nacional de Adiestramiento de San Gregorio (San Gregorio National Training Center) during the exercise Frontera Avanzada (Advanced Frontier). The primary objective of the exercise was to evaluate the updates and modifications made to the vehicle. The goal was to assess the vehicle’s performance and identify any strategic advantages that could potentially be applied to other Leopardo’s 2E tanks within the Spanish Army.

The partial prototype of the Tortuga during the test in San Gregorio. Source: El renovado “Leopardo 2E” del Ejército de Tierra español – Noticias Defensa nº 500

The results of the tests conducted on the Tortuga remain confidential, and the specific outcomes are unknown. However, it can be speculated that the insights gained from these tests may contribute to future developments, potentially influencing the design and features of the upcoming Leopardo 2E M2+ variant. As of 2024, the Spanish Army has plans to modernize their Leopardo 2E, with a target deadline of 2032 for the Leopardo 2E M2+ variant.

While still in the design phase, the modernization plans for the Leopardo 2E M2+ include the potential implementation of new protection systems, such as active protection systems, and advancements in protection against mines and improvised explosive devices. Additionally, there might be plans for the integration of a remote-controlled weapon station, possibly accommodating a 7.62 mm machine gun. Other updates could involve the use of camouflage nets or the addition of new tracks.

Summary of all the new updates that are currently studied to be applied on the Leopardo 2E M2+. Source: Trubia Trubia – Poco a poco van saliendo mas datos de la… | Facebook

Following the tests and refinement of the design, the Tortuga project concluded, and the updates were dismantled. The vehicle was returned to the original company and currently serves as a standard Leopardo 2E within the Spanish Army. Despite this, the Tortuga concept continues to be in development. Brigadier López revealed that he is actively working with a 3D model, adding new features to the Tortuga. He mentioned that, as of today (March 2024), the Tortuga is even more advanced than the German counterpart, the Leopard 2A8. However, due to the confidentiality of the project, none of the new additions have been revealed.

While the real intentions behind this ongoing development are not clear, it is plausible to assume that the Tortuga could resurface as a proposal for future updates within the Spanish Army.

Side Note – Leopardo 2E Plus?

Relatively recently, photos of the Tortuga started appearing on certain forums, such as the old War Thunder forum, under the name Leopardo 2E Plus. It is important to note that the vehicle was never officially named Leopardo 2E Plus, and the confusion likely arose due to the similarities between the Tortuga and another project, as well as the proximity of their respective timelines.

To provide context, the project Fuerza 2035 (2035’s Force) was initiated in 2018 with the goal of organizing and updating various aspects of the Spanish Army by the year 2035. This comprehensive project included plans to modernize and update different vehicles within the Spanish Army’s inventory, aligning them with the requirements of future military operations.

One of the programs that was inside this project was the ASCOD Pizarro, which the army envisioned various variants being developed. Source: Ejército de Tierra e industria avanzan en la definición del Pizarro Fase 3-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

One of the vehicles earmarked for an upgrade under the Fuerza 2035 project was the Leopardo 2E. The Army intended to develop an upgrade package for the Leopardo 2E, aiming to have it in service by 2035 and referred to it as the Leopardo 2E Plus. It is likely that the Leopardo 2E Plus would incorporate features and technologies studied during the Tortuga project, as well as other improvements. In July 2019, the Spanish Army announced that the Leopardo 2E would not undergo an update, resulting in the abandonment of the upgrade package that was intended to become the Leopardo 2E Plus. Apparently, it could be that this decision was made because the Spanish Army considered as an option replacing its Leopardo 2E with the new, still-in-development EMBT (European Main Battle Tank) as part of the Fuerza 2035 project.

2022 prototype of the EMBT (renamed to Enhanced Main Battle Tank). The EMBT is a project made between France and Germany in order to develop a new vehicle that could replace the current main battle tanks in these countries. Source: EMBT (Enhanced Main Battle Tank) (techsyncx.blogspot.com)

Surprisingly, the Spanish Army has once again announced plans to modernize the Leopardo 2E to the standard Leopardo 2E M2 by 2032. Although it is not confirmed, it seems probable that the Spanish Army will upgrade the Leopardo 2E as a medium-term solution and replace it entirely when the EMBT is ready for procurement. In summary, the Tortuga was essentially an independent project that served as a testing ground for new updates, which could have been applied to the Leopardo 2E Plus, later renamed Leopardo 2E M2+.

Conclusion

The Tortuga project reflects the Spanish Army’s commitment to innovation and the continuous updating of its military equipment. The initiative aimed to enhance the capabilities of the Leopardo 2E, adapting it to changing needs and drawing lessons from recent conflicts.

One of Tortuga‘s main areas of focus was adapting the vehicle to operate more effectively in urban environments, drawing lessons from the performance of the Leopard 2A4 by the Turkish Army in Syria. The modifications made sought to improve the Leopardo 2E‘s ability to face specific challenges associated with operations in urban areas, an increasingly relevant aspect in contemporary conflicts.

Although the vehicle was never adopted, it is highly possible that the studies related to this project would serve for future updates of the Leopardo 2E, such as the upcoming Leopardo 2E M2+.

The completed prototype of the Tortuga. Illustration done by David Bocquelet.

The partially completed prototype of the Tortuga during testing in San Gregorio in 2017. Illustration done by David Bocquelet.

Tortuga Specifications
Weight in combat (tonnes)	64
Max velocity (km/h)	70
Engine (HP)	1500
Specific power (HP/tonne)	23.44
Length (m)	8.1
Width (m)	3.8
Height (m)	3

Sources

Candil Muñoz, Antonio Jose. “Historia del Leopard 2 en España.” Revista Ejércitos, no. 5, 2010, p. 81.

El Ejército del futuro: Leopardo 2E Plus, Pizarro fase III y Dragón 8×8 1 (infodefensa.com)

España incluye la modernización del Leopardo en las necesidades a medio plazo (infodefensa.com)

El renovado “Leopardo 2E” del Ejército de Tierra español – Noticias Defensa Informes

Contenido – Ejército de tierra (defensa.gob.es)

OTROS DIEZ TANQUES TURCOS LEOPARD 2A4 DESTRUIDOS POR EL ESTADO ISLÁMICO EN SIRIA – Estrategia Global

El renovado “Leopardo 2E” del Ejército de Tierra español – Noticias Defensa nº 500

ITE. Integración Tecnológica Empresarial (ite-es.com)

ITE apoyará el mantenimiento de los motores de los F-5 del Ejército del Aire hasta 2023-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

Metalurgicas Ruher sl – Telf 918711868 (axesor.es)

Protegemos a los que nos protegen | FECSA

ceotronics.com/es/empresa/index.html

Controversias: Bajas de Leopard-2A4 en Siria bajo el mando del ejercito turco – Una revisión actualizada – Guerra Acorazada (guerra-acorazada.blog)

| Leopardos sobre la nieve siria (revistaejercitos.com)

https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_february_2024_global_security_army_industry/spain_targets_significant_modernization_program_for_leopard_2e_tank_fleet_by_2032.html

https://www.defensa.com/entorno-operativo-2035/fuerza-35-futuro-tecnologico-ejercito-tierra

El Ejército de Tierra no modernizará el Leopardo 2E – Noticias Defensa España

Sistemas de autoprotección APS en los carros de combate Leopard del Ejército de Tierra-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

EMBT (Enhanced Main Battle Tank) (globalsecurity.org)

El panzer hispano: Leopardo 2E Historia (youtube.com)

VAEC, el nuevo Vehículo de Exploración Aerolanzable de la Caballería española-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

Modern Spanish Armor

Cerberus M113 Test Vehicle

Cerberus M113 Test Vehicle. Illustration done by Oussama Mohamed 'Godzilla', funded by our Patreon campaign.

Kingdom of Spain (2019)
Infantry Fighting Vehicle – 1 Built

The Spanish VCR Dragón program stands out as one of the most significant military investment projects in Spain, aimed at equipping its armed forces with an 8×8 vehicle capable of replacing outdated vehicles from the Cold War era. Upon its announcement, numerous arms manufacturing companies sought opportunities within the project by producing various components and turrets to make a profit. In this context, during the testing phase of a new turret proposal for the Dragón, named Cerberus, an American M113 armored personnel carrier was employed as an experimental chassis. This resulted in what can be considered one of the most peculiar-looking vehicles in the history of Spain.

The bizarre looking M113 equipped with the Cerberus turret. Source: https://www.defensa.com/feindef-2019/trium-drs-presenta-torre-cerberus-feindef

Historical Context

The VCR Program

The VCR program (Vehículo de Combate a Ruedas – Combat Wheeled Vehicle) is, as of March 2024, is currently in development to provide Spain an 8×8 vehicle. Despite launching around 2013-2015, the program essentially represents a revival of the VBR program (Vehículo Blindado sobre Ruedas – Armored Wheeled Vehicle), with the same objective. The VBR program had been canceled in 2011 due to military budget cuts amid the Spanish economic crisis.

The VCR program essentially discarded all the progress made in the VBR program. The Ministry of Defense made the decision to reinitiate the program through collaboration between the Spanish companies Indra, Sapa, and General Dynamics European Land Systems Santa Barbara Sistemas. The objective was to develop an 8×8 vehicle for the Spanish Army, utilizing the Swiss Piranha V chassis as a base. The vehicle will then be built under license by Santa Bárbara Sistemas.

Mobility demonstrator of the VCR. Source: Así serán los cinco demostradores del VCR Dragón-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

The vehicle, renamed as VCR Dragón, was intended to serve as the foundation for various variants catering to the diverse needs of the Spanish Army. The variants envisioned were:

infantry fighting vehicle
cavalry reconnaissance vehicle
sapper combat vehicle
battalion command post combat vehicle
advanced observer combat vehicle
recovery vehicle

An Opportunity to Make Profit

Recognizing the magnitude of the project, numerous companies saw the chance to leverage the opportunity by providing various services, with a particular emphasis on turret selection. Many companies, both domestic and international, submitted their proposals for evaluation during FEINDEF 2019 (FEria INternacional de DEFensa y Seguridad de España – Spanish International Defense and Security Fair), an event held in Madrid in June 2019 to showcase the latest products in the country’s defense industry sector.

In the case for the sapper combat vehicle and the advanced observer combat vehicle, the selected turret was the Guardian 2.0 remote-controlled weapon station, presented by the Spanish company Escribano. It was chosen ahead of the Mini Samson from the Israeli Rafael, which was already in service with the Spanish Army, mounted on the RG-31 Nyala mine-resistant vehicles. Escribano is well-known in Spain, having earned a significant reputation for turret development, such as the naval Sentinel 20 and 30 naval turrets, the naval Sentinel TAO or the Guardian L-HIT.

The Guardian 2.0 remote controlled weapon station. Source: Así son las torretas remotas Guardian 2.0 de los blindados VCI Dragón del Ejército de Tierra (outono.net)

The challenge arose with the infantry fighting vehicle variant, as companies submitted diverse proposals for the VCR Dragón, making it difficult to determine the most suitable turret. Once again, Escribano entered the competition, offering its Guardian 30 turret — an unmanned turret equipped with the 30 mm Mk44s autocannon, capable of adaptation to fire 40 mm projectiles.

Firing tests on the Guardian 30 turret mounted on a Piranha IIIC donated by the Spanish Navy. Source: Guardian 30 de Escribano Mechanical & Engineering – Ejércitos (revistaejercitos.com)

PAP TECNOS, the Spanish branch of the Israeli Rafael defense company, submitted the Toledo 30S for the cavalry reconnaissance vehicle. This turret is a variant of the Israeli Samson 30, modified by the Spanish company to meet the specific requirements of the program.

Toledo 30 S turret during FEINDEF 2019. Source: La Torre Samson 30 para el VCR ya está en Sevilla-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

The Spanish companies Navantia, EXPAL, and the Israeli Elbit Systems presented a local variant of the Israel UT30 Mk2 turret, called the Tizona.

The Tizona turret shown at FEINDEF 2019. Source: Spanish VCR 8×8 Dragón Live-Fire Trials | Joint Forces News (joint-forces.com)

The Belgian company Cockerill presented the Cockerill 3030 Edición Van Halen at FEINDEF 2019, a modification of the original Cockerill 3000 designed for the VCR Dragón.

The Cockerill 3030 Edición Van Halen shown during FEINDEF 2021. Source: John Cockerill Defense España añade a su oferta de torres la nueva Cockerill 1030 – Noticias Defensa España

The Cerberus – the Fifth Option

On July 10, 2018, a private disclosure was made to journalists from Infodefensa, a Spanish newspaper specifically focused on Spanish and Latin American defense projects. The information revealed that the Spanish company Escribano, the Spanish company Indra, and the Spanish subsidiary of the Italian Leonardo company had formed an alliance to develop a new unmanned turret. This collaborative effort was named Trium DRS, and the turret they designed was dubbed “Cerberus.” The primary objective of this alliance was to propose Cerberus for the cavalry reconnaissance vehicle within the VCR Dragón program, while also considering its potential for the export market.

State of the Cerberus turret in May 2018. Source: Primeras pruebas de la nueva torre propuesta para el VCR 8×8, la TRIUM-DRS – Noticias Defensa defensa.com noticias industria defensa

As far as is known, Escribano took the lead in the project, shouldering approximately 40% of the workload. Additionally, Escribano was tasked with producing the principal structure, manufacturing the control unit of the platform, various sensors, and designing the display of the turrets. On the other hand, both Indra and Leonardo Hispania contributed with a workload of around 30%. Indra’s responsibilities included designing the ballistic calculator, visors, principal control unit, and the control mission unit. Meanwhile, Leonardo Hispania provided the munition system, the gun, and the missile control unit.

In January 2019, the Cerberus project was publicly revealed, emphasizing that if the army selected this turret, the logistical costs for installation would be reduced compared to other proposals. However, Cerberus faced complexities, as the Spanish Army already favored the Israeli UT30 Mk2 and Samson 30.

A 3D model of the Cerberus turret, shown in early 2019. It differs in shape to the one installed in the M113. Source: Indra, Escribano y Leonardo se alían y pujan por un contrato de Defensa de 450 millones (eleconomista.es)

The Cerberus and the M113

In March 2019, it was revealed that the Cerberus turret had commenced firing tests on a mobile platform at the Instituto Tecnológico de la Marañosa (Technical Institute of Marañosa). The chassis used for testing the turret was one of the numerous M113 armored personnel carriers of the Spanish Army, specifically one from the “Guadarrama” XII Brigade, which donated the vehicle for the tests.

La torre Cerberus sobre TOA del Ejército de Tierra (EM&E) (youtube.com)
Video showing the M113 test vehicle with the Cerberus turret during the test on March 2019

Detailed view of the M113 with the Cerberus turret during tests in Marañosa. Source: Primeras pruebas de tiro de la torre Cerberus de TRIUM-DRS-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

Top view of the M113 with the Cerberus turret during the tests in Marañosa. Source: Primeras pruebas de tiro de la torre Cerberus de TRIUM-DRS-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

The test involved firing 30 rounds with the main gun at a distance of 500 m in rapid succession. The results were considered successful, and in May 2019, the prototype underwent further testing at the Centro Nacional de Adiestramiento (National Training Center) of the Ministerio de Defensa (Ministry of Defense) at Chinchilla, Albacete. This test focused on evaluating the stabilization system of the 30 mm gun, both with the vehicle at a standstill and in motion.

The tests of the Cerberus in Chinchilla. Source: La Torre Cerberus a prueba en Chinchilla-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

A Brief History of the Spanish M113 Modifications

Considered the oldest vehicle still in service in Spain, the Spanish Army began receiving the M113 armored personnel carrier in the mid-1960s as part of US military aid, with various versions being used. Designated as TOA (Transporte de Orugas Acorazado – Armored Tracked Transport), it is currently one of the main armored personnel carriers in Spain, alongside the wheeled BMR, with approximately 1,250 units still in service.

The history of the M113 and its modifications in Spain spans several decades. The first modifications by the Spanish Army date back to 1982, when there was a consideration to upgrade M113 and M115 vehicles to transform them into mortar carrier vehicles. Designated as TOA portamortero de 120 mm (Armored Tracked Transport 120 mm mortar carrier), these vehicles were equipped with the Spanish 120 mm ECIA L-65/120 mortar. The transformation process was carried out by Peugeot Talbot between 1982 and 1988, with around 215 vehicles converted.

One of the TOA portamortero de 120 mm in service in Spain. Source: España dispone ya una nueva remesa de ayuda humanitaria y militar para Ucrania – El Debate

Continuing into the 1980s, several M113A1 and M113A2 vehicles underwent conversion into communication vehicles in Spain. A total of 98 vehicles were transformed and equipped with communication systems, including Mercurio, Centauro, Plutón, and Tritón. Each of these communication systems had distinct components, and the only way to differentiate between vehicles was by observing the number of antennas they were equipped with.

M113 equipped with the Mercurio communication system. Source: Marín Gutiérrez & Molina Franco, 2007, page 34

In 1990, Spain modified an M113 to mount the Swedish RBS 56 anti-tank missile, although no serial production took place. The specific reason for creating this prototype was never specified. However, it could be assumed that it was perhaps intended as an alternative to the M901 ITV, a tank destroyer based on the M113 and equipped with the TUA turret. The M901 ITV had been tested by the Spanish Army in the mid-1980s and left a favorable impression, but it was not acquired due to the high cost of the entire vehicle.

As a noteworthy side note, the TUA turret was utilized by Spain to create a tank destroyer using the American M41 as a base in 1983.

The M113 equipped with the RSB-56 anti-tank missile. Source: Marín Gutiérrez & Molina Franco, 2007, page 42

Around the time of the end of the Cold War in 1993, the Spanish company Santa Bárbara Sistemas developed the TC-13, an experimental single-seat turret featuring a 25 mm M-242 autocannon along with a coaxial MG-42, which had the option to be replaced with the CETME Ameli machine gun. This turret design was initially mounted on the M113 platform, probably as a test vehicle. Other vehicles which mounted this turret were the wheeled BMR and the Greek Leonidas infantry fighting vehicle.

The M113 with the experimental TC-13 turret. Source: M 113, CON TORRETA EXPERIMENTAL O PROTOTIPO??? (armas.es)

The M113 remained untouched until 2015, when it became evident that the vehicle was showing signs of aging. Despite the planned replacements with the VCR Dragón and the later VAC project launched in the early 2020s (an indigenous armored personnel carrier based on a modified ASCOD hull), the M113 required preparations for potential conflicts because of the importance of the vehicle in the Army. Even if only temporarily, there was a need to transform and adapt the M113 to fulfill certain roles until the new replacements were ready.

The VAC, an armored personnel carrier based on a modified ASCOD hull, intended to replace the old M113. Source: Luz verde de Defensa al futuro Vehículo de Apoyo de Cadenas que sustituirá a los viejos TOA del Ejército de Tierra (larazon.es)

In 2015, the Army announced the modification of 68 M113s for logistical purposes, alongside the upgrading of the remaining M113A1s to the A2 version. The modifications entailed clearing the troop compartment and installing a protective grill over the driving compartment. With these adjustments, the modified M113s could transport approximately 5,000 liters of cargo (or 3,500 liters with two occupants). The refurbishment was overseen by PCMASA 2 (Parque y Centro de Mantenimiento de Sistemas Acorazados Nº2 – Armored Systems Park and Maintenance Centre No. 2). The logistics prototype underwent testing in Cerro Muriano, Córdoba. Two versions were developed: the TOA Carga Táctico V.1 (Tactical Cargo Armored Tracked Transport V.1) and the TOA Carga Táctico V.2 (Tactical Cargo Armored Tracked Transport V.2). The primary distinction between the two is that while the first version retains its original rear gate, the second version features a double-leaf gate.

The M113 prototype to fulfill logistic missions. Source: El Ejército de Tierra subcontrata la transformación de los TOA -noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

The Spanish Army also modified some M113 armored personnel carriers to fulfill anti-tank roles. In the early to mid-2010s, Spain created the TOA MILAN M113 A2 MCC, a tank destroyer based on the M113 equipped with the MILAN anti-tank missile. Approximately 83 vehicles were converted for this purpose.

One of the TOA MILAN M113 A2 MCC tank destroyers. Source: Spain Convert 60 M113 Armoured Personnel Carriers Into Spike Launchers – MilitaryLeak.COM

However, the tank-destroyer variant, equipped with the MILAN anti-tank missile launcher, became practically obsolete by early 2017, primarily due to its armament. Consequently, the Spanish Army initiated modifications to transform these vehicles into new tank destroyers armed with the Spike anti-tank missile launcher. Approximately 60 vehicles are planned to undergo conversion, with one prototype already manufactured and tested by the “Guadarrama” XII Brigade, followed by testing by the “Guzmán el Bueno” X Brigade.

Prototype of the M113 tank destroyer equipped with the Spike anti-tank missile launcher. Source: El Ejército avanza en su plan de modernización de los Transporte Oruga Acorazado – Ejército de tierra (defensa.gob.es)

The TOA LAG-40 is another rare modification of the M113, with only three units produced out of the initially planned seven. This concept involves transforming the MILAN M113 tank destroyers by replacing the anti-tank missile with the Spanish LAG-40 automatic grenade launcher.

Another modification not intended for combat is the TOA de Zapadores. Essentially, it is an engineer variant of the M113, derived from the MILAN tank-destroyer variants. This version has the capacity to transport, in addition to the driver and gunner, a sapper platoon with all the necessary equipment. It is also equipped with tools and implements to support tasks related to mobility, countermobility, and survival. One noticeable addition is the shovel located at the front of the vehicle, designed to remove obstacles in urban areas. Interestingly, this shovel is the same one mounted on the wheeled BMR VCZ, adapted for installation on the TOA. Around 7 units entered service in 2020, and it is expected that a total of 22 will be modified.

One of the TOA de Zapadores. Source: El Ejército avanza en su plan de modernización de los Transporte Oruga Acorazado – Ejército de tierra (defensa.gob.es)

Last but not least, there is also the ambulance variant of the M113, converted using the M113A2 as a base. This variant allows the transportation of a sanitary evacuation team along with two wounded individuals. Interestingly, the interior of this M113 ambulance is thermally coated with a paint similar to that used on NASA shuttles. Approximately 25 ambulances were manufactured in Segovia and are currently in service across different brigades of the Spanish Army.

One of the modified M113A2s to fill the ambulance role. Source: El Ejército avanza en su plan de modernización de los Transporte Oruga Acorazado – Ejército de tierra (defensa.gob.es)

In addition to the official Army designs, there have been and continue to be private initiatives on the M113. Despite the TOA’s numbered days, the Spanish company Star Defence Logistics & Engineering is currently working on a proposal to offer a second life to the M113. The concept involves converting these aging vehicles into remote-controlled units, capable of autonomous operation without the need for direct operator intervention. The envisioned purpose for these vehicles includes deployment in high-risk situations, such as mine clearance, evacuating injured soldiers from hazardous areas, as well as undertaking more routine tasks like logistics or transport.

Vision of the unmanned ground vehicle M113 made by Star Defence Logistics & Engineering. Source: M113, R2t2 y SENOPTER: los UGV de SDLE-defensa.com – Noticias Defensa En abierto

Prototype of the unmanned M113 ground vehicle. Source: SDLE lidera un proyecto para robotizar el TOA M113 (infodron.es)

Another noteworthy mention is the anti-drone system developed by the Spanish company Escribano. This system was integrated onto an M113, which was provided by the army to facilitate testing. Effective in securing an area with a diameter of 4 km, the system employs electromagnetic disturbances to counter unmanned aerial vehicles. In scenarios where drones are shielded against electromagnetic disruption, the anti-drone system is equipped with an Alcotan rocket launcher and a 7.62mm M134 Gatling rotary autocannon, capable of engaging drones at distances of up to 1,200 m. Additionally, a 30mm M230 LF autocannon is present, likely serving for self-defense purposes. It is important to note that this M113 served only as a test platform for a product. The Spanish Army had no intention of developing an anti-drone system integrated M113.

Detail of Escribano’s anti-drone system integrated on the M113 to test it. Source: España diseña una arma para abatir decenas de drones en segundos (elnacional.cat)

Design and Technical Specifications

The Cerberus is an unmanned turret operated remotely from inside the vehicle’s chassis. The turret is apparently easy to install on the vehicle, requiring just a couple of hours. It weighs around 1,300 kg.

Turret and Armament

Regarding armament, the Cerberus can be equipped with either a 30 mm or a 40 mm gun. In the case of the prototype turret, it was armed with the 30 mm Mk 44 Bushmaster II with airburst capacity and 200 rounds. It also features a coaxial MG-3 machine gun with 500 rounds, along with two retractable missile launchers located on the top left of the turret. The main gun had a vertical traverse of -10º to 60º. Additionally, thanks to the addition of special sensors for the gunner and the commander, the turret is enabled to carry out maneuvers, such as hunter-killer.

The 360º panoramic visor for the commander has a laser rangefinder, HD daytime running camera, thermal camera, and video tracker installed. The gunner’s camera has as well a daytime running camera, laser rangefinder, thermal camera, and video tracker. If necessary, the visors can be shared between the commander and the driver.

Other additions to the turret include an advanced ballistic calculator, an integrated simulation system, a radar signature-reduced design, and an advanced man-machine interface.

Crew

To operate the turret, two personnel are required: a commander and a gunner, both situated inside the base vehicle’s chassis. Each crew member has their own operating station, which is interchangeable between them. Each station is equipped with a 12-inch screen containing all the tools necessary to operate the turret.

The screen at the driver and commander’s stations. Source: www.portierramaryaire.com • Ver Tema – VCR 8×8 Dragón (FSCT-VBMR)

Armor and Defense Systems

The armor of the Cerberus was never specified, but judging by the shape and weight, it seems that its primary armor is composed of steel plates of unknown thickness. Nevertheless, the consortium TRIUM DRS explained that the turret can be equipped with level 2 armor, out of the 4 standard NATO levels. Additionally, if needed, the turret is also equipped with twelve smoke grenade launchers.

Fate and Rejection

The Cerberus turret was presented alongside the M113 hull at FEINDEF 2019 in June, along with other turret proposals for the VCR Dragón. Despite attracting attention, it was ultimately rejected in favor of other turret options. Although the exact criteria for selecting the turrets were not revealed, the main reason for the Cerberus not being chosen could likely be attributed to it being a relatively ‘young’ product compared to other proposals shown.

The M113 with the Cerberus turret exposed during the FEINDEF 2019. Source: X \ Revista Ejércitos على X: “Bartolomé Bauzá, Director de TRIUM-DRS presenta la torre “CERBERUS” en FEINDEF. https://t.co/PBNe1H0tKT https://t.co/qKLx07mHjm” (twitter.com)

Side view of the M113 with the Cerberus during the FEINDEF 2019. Source: El Ejército de Tierra mantendrá en servicio sus blindados M113 hasta el año 2035-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

Close-up of the turret ring of the Cerberus mounted on the M113. Source: X \ Revista Ejércitos على X: “Bartolomé Bauzá, Director de TRIUM-DRS presenta la torre “CERBERUS” en FEINDEF. https://t.co/PBNe1H0tKT https://t.co/qKLx07mHjm” (twitter.com)

In the end, after a meticulous selection process, three turrets were chosen to be mounted on the prototypes of the VCR Dragón for testing: the Tizona, the Toledo 30S, and the Guardian 30. After rigorous tests, the DGAM (Dirección General de Armamento y Municiones – Armaments and Ammunition Directorate General), the body within the Ministry of Defense of Spain responsible for supervision and decision-making regarding the VCR Dragón, determined that the most suitable option was the Guardian 30. The specific criteria for the selection were not disclosed, but it is theorized that promoting the national industry and creating job opportunities may have played a role.

The final configuration of the VCR Dragón infantry fighting vehicle, equipped with Escribano’s Guardian 30 turret. Source: Escribano Chosen To Provide Guardian 30 Turret For Spanish Army VCR 8×8 Dragon – MilitaryLeak.COM

The End?

Although the Cerberus turret may not have met success with the VCR Dragón, TRIUM DRS revealed that various international delegations and foreign companies contacted the consortium to learn more about the project. Before the presentation at FEINDEF 2019, in January, the director of the consortium, Bartolomé Bauzá, acknowledged that he was studying the incorporation of new partners into the project from countries such as Italy, Portugal, France, Germany, or Slovakia. It is assumed that, in the future, this turret might be proposed for a military project in one of these countries.

Conclusion

The Cerberus turret was another endeavor within the realm of Spanish projects aiming to fortify the country’s industrial capabilities, seeking to diverge from the military’s tradition of acquiring or modifying foreign designs. While its design adhered to conventional standards compared to other proposals, a significant challenge it faced was being situated in a landscape where competing proposals had already reached a more advanced stage of development.

However, despite its developmental stage, the Cerberus turret gave one of the most intriguing configurations of the M113. This configuration bears a striking resemblance in concept to the M113s in the Philippines equipped with UT30 Mk2 turrets. The Cerberus’ design adds an interesting chapter to the narrative of Spanish military innovation, demonstrating the nation’s efforts to carve its path in the field of armored vehicle development.

Cerberus M113 Test Vehicle. Illustration done by Oussama Mohamed ‘Godzilla’.

M113 with the Cerberus turret specifications (Estimated)
Weight in Combat (Tonnes)	13,64
Max velocity (km/h)	40
Engine (hp)	275
Specific power (hp/tonne)	20,16
Armament	-1 Mk 44 Bushmaster II (200 rounds)
Armament	-1 MG-3 machine gun (500 rounds)
-Two anti-tank missiles
Dimensions (L x W x H) m	6.4 x 2.7 x 3.8
Range of the gun	-10 to 60 º

Sources

VCR 8×8 Dragon Armored Fighting Vehicle (tess-defence.es)

Así son las torretas remotas Guardian 2.0 de los blindados VCI Dragón del Ejército de Tierra (outono.net)

Toledo 30S, así bautiza su torre de 30 mm. para el VCR 8×8 Dragón del Ejército de Tierra Pap Tecnos-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

La elección de la torre remota de 30 mm. para el VCR 8×8 Dragón – Noticias Defensa España

La torre Samson 30 para el Dragón del Ejército de Tierra – Noticias Defensa España

Así es la primera torre de armamento de empleo remoto Tizona montada en España – Noticias Defensa España

Leonardo offering Hitfist turret for Spain’s VCR Dragón program | Defense Brief (defbrief.com)

Primeras pruebas de la nueva torre propuesta para el VCR 8×8, la TRIUM-DRS – Noticias Defensa defensa.com noticias industria defensa

Primeras pruebas de tiro de la torre Cerberus de TRIUM-DRS-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

La Torre Cerberus a prueba en Chinchilla-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

Cerberus: la torre hispano-italiana que quiere competir con las israelíes en el programa del 8×8 (abc.es)

Indra, Escribano y Leonardo se alían y pujan por un contrato de Defensa de 450 millones (eleconomista.es)

Tres industrias españolas se unen con el objetivo de impulsar el mercado europeo de la defensa (lavanguardia.com)

TRIUM-DRS presenta la torre Cerberus en FEINDEF-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa FEINDEF 2019

TOA, el incombustible vehículo al que el Ejército busca relevo medio siglo después (infodefensa.com)
68 vehículos TOA del Ejército de Tierra serán convertidos para carga – Noticias Defensa España

Mejoras en los Transporte Oruga Acorazado, TOA, del Ejército de Tierra-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

El Ejército avanza en su plan de modernización de los Transporte Oruga Acorazado – Ejército de tierra (defensa.gob.es)

SDLE lidera un proyecto para robotizar el TOA M113 (infodron.es)

Escribano diseña un cazadrones dual capaz de abatir un UAV o derribarlo mediante ‘jamming’ (infodron.es)

La nueva torre basada en tres sistemas de armas de Escribano -noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España

Escribano diseña un cazadrones dual capaz de abatir un UAV o derribarlo mediante ‘jamming’ (infodefensa.com)

Modern Spanish Armor

VERT (Vehículo de Exploración y Reconocimiento Terrestre)

Post author By Javier Sánchez
Post date June 10, 2024
No Comments on VERT (Vehículo de Exploración y Reconocimiento Terrestre)

URO VERT, illustration by David Bocquelet.

Kingdom of Spain (2015-Present)
4×4 Reconnaissance Vehicle – 17 Delivered

The URO VAMTAC is a Spanish 4×4 vehicle developed in 1998, inspired by the design of the American Humvee. Serving as the primary multipurpose 4×4 vehicle for the Spanish Army, the URO VAMTAC stands out due to its modularity and adaptable chassis, leading to a diverse range of variants. One particularly overlooked variant is the VERT (Vehículo de Exploración y Reconocimiento Terrestre – Ground Exploration and Reconnaissance Vehicle). This vehicle remained in relative obscurity, overshadowed by more attention-grabbing contemporary projects, such as the ASCOD Pizarro or the VCR Dragón.

One of the VERTs of the Spanish Army. Source: VERT: el caballo del explorador del siglo XXI – El club de los Jinetes de Farnesio (wordpress.com)

Historical Context – The Need for a Reconnaissance Vehicle

Although the first prototype of the URO VERT emerged in 2015, the concept of a reconnaissance and exploration vehicle dates back to 2004. The necessity for cavalry units to possess a vehicle capable of conducting in-depth exploration and reconnaissance tasks was apparent. Additionally, there was a need to provide real-time information about the situation of the battlefield.

This concept materialized into the VERT project, intended not only for deployment in Spain but also for utilization in various conflicts that the Spanish Army might face. Consequently, the selected platform had to be versatile enough to operate in different scenarios and diverse weather conditions. Moreover, the vehicle had to be adaptable for use in all types of conflicts, including those with high war intensity, NBCR (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, Radiological) environments, or non-confrontational operations (for example UN operations).

Considering that the vehicle was expected to be part of the cavalry brigades employing the Spanish 6×6 VEC (Vehículo de Exploración y Caballería – Reconnaissance and Cavalry Vehicle) armored vehicle and the Italian B1 Centauro in service with the Spanish cavalry brigades, the VERT was designed for stealth reconnaissance, aiming to avoid direct confrontation. As a result, the platform forming the basis of the VERT needed protection against 7.62 mm projectiles, light weight, and basic defense against mines and improvised explosive devices.

Cause the VERT was intended for stealth reconnaissance, the vehicle has been designed to perform the following tasks:

move to the site of action without being detected
surveillance for as long as needed
transmitting real-time information

The First VERT

Based on the specified tasks and requirements for the VERT vehicle, a list of specifications was issued:

Vehicle characteristics	4×4 configuration – Protection against 7.62 mm caliber rounds and mines – Reduced size for enhanced stealth – Tools for effective ambient camouflage – Low thermal signature to avoid detection – Low-noise design for discrete movement – Great mobility and capability to be transported in planes or helicopters
Sensor system	Multisensor system installed on a 360° mast, equipped with: Laser rangefinder. Day and night vision capabilities.
Armament	Options for a self-defense weapon, preferably installed on a remote-controlled weapon station for the operator’s safety: 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm machine gun Alternatively, a 40 mm automatic grenade launcher
Communication systems	Long-range and state-of-the-art communication systems Real-time data transmission capability for photos and videos
Additional optional defensive features	Capability of installing a laser illuminator Active protection system Inhibitors to counter electronic threats Electromagnetic Detectors for detecting hostile electronic emissions
Other	Integrated battlefield management system Tools and equipment necessary for unmanned aerial vehicle deployment if needed

Characteristics for the VERT. Source: Vehículo de Exploración y Reconocimiento Terrestre (VERT) | Ejércitos (revistaejercitos.com)

The VERT project was spearheaded by the Spanish company Navantia, specifically by FABAS Systems, headquartered in Cádiz, Spain. FABAS Systems is a company that works in integrating control systems for both civilian and military ships, playing a role in Spanish naval projects such as the S-80 submarine, the L-61 aircraft carrier, and the F-100 frigates. In addition to their naval contributions, FABAS Systems is actively engaged in the licensed manufacturing of various calibers of cannons, including 73 mm caliber.

Curiously, the chosen platform for the VERT project was not the URO VAMTAC, but rather the Italian Iveco LMV. The decision to opt for the Italian vehicle over the Spanish counterpart was driven by a practical consideration. At that time, armored variants of the URO VAMTAC were not yet available, only existing on paper. Consequently, the project utilized the only light and armored vehicle projected for future use by the Spanish Army, amounting to approximately 346 vehicles.

Examples of various Iveco LMV in Spanish service. Source: Una Joven Vocación Militar: IVECO LMV (Lince) (unajovenvocacionmilitar.blogspot.com)

In January 2006, the Iveco VERT demonstrator was dispatched to the Centro de Adiestramiento “San Gregorio” (San Gregorio Training Center) for evaluation by the Cavalry Brigade “Castillejos” II. The report generated by the testing team provided a favorable assessment, emphasizing that the vehicle could serve as the foundation for various variants, such as artillery observation, command post, anti-aircraft, and anti-tank missile carrier, among others.

Despite the positive evaluation, the project encountered several difficulties, primarily stemming from a lack of funds, leading to a gradual slowdown. Despite efforts to overcome these challenges, including intervention by the Spanish company Indra to present a project with the same objective using as a base the URO VAMTAC I3, the project was ultimately canceled. The URO VAMTAC I3 based variant, which had briefly served, was decommissioned after a couple of years.

The project of the URO VAMTAC I3 based variant of Indra. It served a couple of years after being taken out of service. Source: Vehículo de Exploración y Reconocimiento Terrestre (VERT) | Revista Ejércitos (revistaejercitos.com)

Revival of the VERT

During the early 2010s, FABAS became involved in the ASCOD Pizarro VCOAV project. VCOAV stands for Vehículo de Combate del Observador Avanzado (Advanced Observer Combat Vehicle). The ASCOD Pizarro VCOAV essentially utilized the chassis of the ASCOD VCI/C Pizarro Fase II (essentially an upgraded version of the original ASCOD Pizarro Infantry Figthing Vehicle) equipped with a surveillance system developed by FABAS consisting of a sensor pedestal located at the rear of the Pizarro. This system facilitated exploration, detection, location, and identification capabilities.

Prototype of the ASCOD Pizarro VCOAV. Source: ASCOD vehículos blindados de combate – La Enciclopedia (smartencyclopedia.eu)

The ASCOD Pizarro VCOAV prototype underwent testing in November 2013 at Santa Bárbara Sistemas. The prototype demonstrated satisfactory performance, however, project delays ultimately led to the cancellation of the ASCOD Pizarro VCOAV. Despite this setback, FABAS, in parallel to the development of the vehicle, and anticipating the cancellation of the ASCOD Pizarro VCOAV, started studying the prototype and how to adapt the system designed for the vehicle to be applicable to any other vehicle. This marked the birth of the SERT.

The SERT (Sistema de Exploración y Reconocimiento Terrestre – Ground Exploration and Reconnaissance System) is essentially the system designed for the ASCOD Pizarro VCOAV, but in a modular configuration, capable of being equipped by a variety of vehicles. Its first public presentation was during SITDEF 2013, an event held in Peru to showcase the latest military products. The system allows for tasks such as surveillance, detection, and identification of objectives during both day and night. It also has the capacity to geographically locate targets.

Demonstrator of the SERT during the SITDEF 2013, using as a chassis an American Hummer and equipped with an Italian HITROLE remote controlled weapon station. Source: Los sistemas de Navantia SERT de Vigilancia de Fronteras y el SVAP, de vigilancia de aguas próximas, en Homsec – Noticias Defensa HOMSEC 2015 Channel

In an attempt to revive the VCOAV program, FABAS requested a URO VAMTAC S3 to create a demonstrator of the VCOAV. The vehicle was constructed between 2013 and 2015 and was sent to Spanish artillery units for testing. It received positive feedback, prompting FABAS to suggest that the VERT program could be revitalized with some modifications to the original design.

Demonstrator of the SERT installed on an URO VAMTAC S3. Source: SERT, Sistema de Exploración y Reconocimiento Terrestre de Navantia Sistemas FABA (infodefensa.com)

As a curiosity, the URO VAMTAC S3 demonstrator was later converted to a command post in 2023. Source: El reconvertido 4X4 VAMTAC a la variante de puesto de mando – Noticias Defensa España

The suggestion had the intended effect, and in 2015, a decision was made to relaunch the VERT program, using the URO VAMTAC ST5 as the base. One prototype was scheduled, and later in 2016, two pre-series vehicles were manufactured for testing by the Spanish Cavalry Regiment No. 11. The testing phase concluded in July 2016 with the readiness for production, and in 2017, the serial production commenced.

The final design of the VERT with the SERT module installed on an elongated URO VAMTAC ST5 chassis. Source: La Legión recibe los vehículos de reconocimiento VERT – Noticias Defensa España

Design

The final iteration of the VERT is an URO VAMTAC multipurpose vehicle equipped with the SERT system. This chassis provides the vehicle with the capability to maintain concealment, aligning with its designated purpose.

The vehicle’s dimensions are 5.9 m long, 2.9 m wide, and 2.3 m tall (excluding the remote-controlled weapon station and the mast). Its combat weight is 9,950 kg and can traverse vertical slopes of up to 60% and lateral slopes of 30%.

Primarily designed for reconnaissance and surveillance tasks, the VERT is equipped with high-quality sensors to effectively monitor the battlefield. The vehicle has the capability to transmit information gathered by its sensors using IP-directed systems. A security section comprises four VERTs grouped into two sets of two vehicles, all operating under the command of a main commander vehicle. The vehicle features various communication systems for voice radio and data, managed by a communication management terminal. Additionally, if required, the vehicle can be fitted with two VHF PR4G V3 Supermux radios for command and task communication, facilitated by the data replicated through the battle management system. It can also be configured to a high-frequency network using Harris 117G radios, allowing for voice communication and sufficient bandwidth to transmit real-time images captured by the vehicle. Furthermore, it can be preinstalled with a communication and data system via the BGAN Explorer satellite, although it is not currently utilized for tactical communication.

Chassis and Engine

The chassis of the VERT is based on the URO VAMTAC. The URO VAMTAC (Vehículo de Alta Movilidad Táctico – Tactical High Mobility Vehicle) is a 4×4 vehicle developed in Spain by the Spanish company UROVERSA. Serial production began in 1998, and the vehicle is often mistaken for the American Humvee due to their similar appearance. This resemblance is because, although they are entirely different projects, UROVERSA designed the vehicle taking inspiration from the American counterpart, explaining the striking similarity in their looks.

Visual comparison between the URO VAMTAC S3 and the Humvee, in this case both in Romanian service. Source: URO VAMTAC – Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre Humvee-Romanian Military Car Editorial Stock Image – Image of humveeromanian, gear: 105172989 (dreamstime.com)

The URO VAMTAC is available in various versions, providing flexibility for conversion into different configurations based on the intended application, thanks to its modular design. The VERT specifically utilizes the URO VAMTAC ST5 as its chassis, which is the armored variant of the URO VAMTAC that entered serial production around the mid-2010s. Compared to earlier versions, the URO VAMTAC ST5 is more heavily armored, offering a moderate level of protection against mines. Additionally, if required, it can be equipped with modular armor to further enhance its protective capabilities. Depending on the level of protection, it can be designated as URO VAMTAC ST5 BN1, URO VAMTAC ST5 BN2, or URO VAMTAC ST5 BN3, where a higher index in the BN signifies a higher level of protection.

Lateral view of the VERT. Source: Uro vamtac st5 bn2 vert | manuel gomez llano | Flickr

The VERT is propelled by an Austrian Steyr 217 hp diesel engine, enabling the vehicle to achieve a maximum speed of 118 km/h on roads. While these specifications may seem acceptable on paper, concerns voiced by the Spanish Army indicate that the vehicle may be underpowered. This issue is primarily attributed to the additional weight introduced by the SERT system on the URO VAMTAC ST5’s chassis.

The SERT

The SERT is a versatile and modular system designed to be mounted on various vehicles. This system performs functions such as reconnaissance, surveillance, terrain reconnaissance, and target identification and acquisition.

Physically, the SERT consists of a retractable MecMast mast with a maximum height of approximately 4 m, a sensor pedestal, a Battlefield Management System, and a set of controls and terminals for human-machine interfaces.

Rear of the VERT where the mast with the sensors of the SERT system can be seen. Source: (292) Pinterest

Top view of the vehicle with the mast at its maximum extension. Source: Militar – EUROMAST | Fabricante de mástiles telescópicos

Top view of a pair of VERT in their factory. Source: Navantia Sistemas completa el contrato de los vehículos de reconocimiento VERT – Noticias Defensa España

The pedestal located on the top of the mast is equipped with several key elements, including:

IR Cástor HR camera – a thermal camera designed for nighttime use with a resolution of 640×512 pixels.
TV Viniris-S camera – a Sony-brand camera with a range of 23 km and an optical magnification of 23x. Capable of recording in color within a lux range of 1-100,000 or 0.7-100,000 in black and white.
Zeiss LDM 45 laser rangefinder – a Zeiss laser rangefinder with a maximum reach of 20 km and a minimum of 100 m. Capable of detecting 5 targets simultaneously with a maximum error of 5 m.
Digital compass

This configuration enables the VERT to detect vehicles at distances ranging from 18 to 20 km and identify them within a range of at least 7 km. Personnel of foot can be located and identified at least 4 km. The Battlefield Management System utilizes a Tacter Talos terminal with software designed for command and control functions, spanning the planning phase through the execution of operations. Regarding terminals, there is a primary terminal for controlling the SERT and a Hercules terminal that transmits the vehicle’s position.

Armament

The VERT is equipped with either a 12.7 mm M2HB machine gun or a 7.62 mm MG-3 machine gun as its armament for self-defense. Both weapons are mounted on a Mini Samson remote-controlled weapon station. The Mini Samson, of Israeli origin, was previously in service in Spain, installed on the RG-31 Nyala mine-resistant vehicles. As a curiosity, it was also proposed to be mounted on the 8×8 VCR Dragón infantry fighting vehicle variant.

A VERT equipped with a MG-3 machine gun. Source: VERT: el caballo del explorador del siglo XXI – El club de los Jinetes de Farnesio (wordpress.com)

Another VERT, in this case equipped with a 12.7 mm machine gun. Source: Los VERT de la BRILEG validan su potencial en corrección de fuegos – Noticias Defensa España

Crew and Internal Layout

Operating the VERT requires a crew of four: driver, commander, gunner, and SERT system operator. The driver is positioned at the front left of the vehicle and is provided with a camera located at the top windshield. This camera transmits both daytime and thermal images to a screen located on the car dashboard. To enhance the driver’s orientation, the camera can be moved either to the right or left using a rail system, particularly useful for nighttime operations. The images from this camera can also be transmitted to the commander and the SERT operator’s screens.

The vehicle’s commander is situated just to the right of the driver and is responsible for assigning tasks and commanding the vehicle. The commander’s post is equipped with a specialized terminal for visualizing TOBS (Terrain Observation, Battlefield Surveillance), TEA (Target Engagement Assessment), and TAC (Tactical Air Control), facilitating streamlined control of the vehicle.

The VERT’s commander’s post. The control station of the remote controlled weapon station (right) and the Battlefield Management System (center). Source: | Vehículo de Exploración y Reconocimiento Terrestre (VERT) (revistaejercitos.com)

Detail of the commander’s control station screen. In the image it is a Spanish VEC reconnaissance vehicle. Source: VERT: el caballo del explorador del siglo XXI – El club de los Jinetes de Farnesio (wordpress.com)

The gunner is positioned just behind the driver and is equipped with a joystick and a front-facing screen to operate the remote-controlled weapon station. The Mini-Samson, part of the vehicle’s armament, features a day-night camera with a reach of 1,500 m. This capability allows it to function as an additional independent surveillance system, complementing the SERT operator’s role.

The gunner’s post in the VERT. Source: VERT: el caballo del explorador del siglo XXI – El club de los Jinetes de Farnesio (wordpress.com)

Finally, the SERT operator is located behind the commander, which operates the pedestal and the Hercules terminal.

Training of the Legión elite forces of Spain with the VERT, showing the SERT post. Source: EQfJvtXWsAA6V_J (1600×1066) (twimg.com)

Armor

The VERT is built on an URO VAMTAC ST5 BN2 chassis, indicating that the vehicle can withstand 7.62×39 mm armor-piercing rounds at 30 m with a velocity of 695 m/s. Additionally, it is designed to withstand 155 mm high explosive ammunition shrapnel at 80 m and can endure the impact of mines or explosive devices under the wheel and center of the vehicle weighing up to 6 kg.

Production and Service

The VERT’s production commenced in 2017, with 17 vehicles dispatched to units between 2017 and 2018. These vehicles were allocated to the Cavalry Regiment “España” No.11 and the Light Armored Cavalry Regiment “Reyes Católicos” II of the Spanish’s Legion elite forces. Although additional deliveries were not officially announced as of March 2024, the Spanish Army revealed plans to have a total of 138 VERT vehicles by the following years.

In service, despite the vehicle’s acknowledged capabilities, it faced several controversies. A significant issue noted was the underpowered nature of the vehicle, leading to substantial problems in its tactical mobility. Compounding this, due to sensor failures, the VERT’s engine restricts its power to only 60% of its total capacity. Consequently, various proposals were put forward, such as reducing the vehicle’s weight by minimizing armor or enhancing the engine, similar to the VAMTAC ST5 used by the Spanish Marines, which features a more powerful 188 kW (252 hp) engine.

Other identified problems include insufficient power in the electrical system to operate various vehicle systems and recharge batteries. The vehicle’s ergonomics were also deemed inefficient, with complaints about seat quality and issues arising after extended periods inside the vehicle.

Issues with the SERT system were also evident. Complaints ranged from the day-time camera ceasing to function after exposure to the sun for more than 45 minutes, leaving only the infrared camera operational, posing a significant challenge in target identification.

Another notable problem was the excessive brightness of the screens, causing light leakage outside the vehicle. While this might not be problematic during the day, it becomes a concern during night operations. To address this, the installation of polarized filters on the system screens or the vehicle windows is being considered.

Future

The Spanish Army has outlined plans to enhance the VERT’s capabilities. Several proposals have been put forward to address the identified issues with the vehicle. Moreover, specific programs are in the pipeline to enhance the vehicle’s stealth capabilities. One notable proposal involves transforming the VERT into a hybrid vehicle. Considering that the hybrid system would further increase the weight of an already heavily burdened vehicle, there is also contemplation for a potential shift to hydrogen fuel as a future power source. This probably aligns with the VAMTAH concept, a project initiated by UROVERSA to convert their light military URO VAMTAC SK trucks into hydrogen-powered vehicles.

Regarding the SERT, FABAS launched what could be regarded as SERT 2.0 in June 2022, featuring various upgrades, including artificial intelligence and new cameras. While the Spanish Army has not officially announced plans to integrate this new system into the VERT, there may be potential developments or intentions to do so in the future.

Side Note – Escribano’s VERT?

During the FEINDEF 2019 expo, Escribano, a Spanish company renowned for its contributions to the defense sector, particularly in electronic components and remote-controlled weapon stations, unveiled an URO VAMTAC configuration reminiscent of the VERT vehicles in service with the Spanish Army. This vehicle is outfitted with the SCOA (Advanced Combat and Observation System) developed by Escribano, which includes the Guardian 2.0 remote-controlled weapon station equipped with a 7.62mm M134D rotary cannon and the OTEOS sensor.

The OTEOS (Observation and Tracking Electro-Optical System) is designed for target observation and detection, boasting capabilities such as target detection up to 16 km away, reconnaissance capabilities extending to 13.5 km, and target identification at distances of up to 12 km. Primarily intended for reconnaissance and surveillance missions, this system resembles the functionality of the VERT vehicles utilized by Spanish military units.

The SCOA system of Escribano on the URO VAMTAC ST5, which resembles a lot of the SERT system of FABAS in service with the spanish VERT’s. Source: La amplia oferta de Escribano en FEINDEF-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa FEINDEF 2019

Conclusion

The VERT, with its advanced technical approach and modular capability, represents a significant milestone in the development of multipurpose military vehicles in Spain. Despite initial challenges, such as a lack of funds leading to an initial setback, the momentum gained from the ASCOD Pizarro VCOAV program contributed to the development of the vehicle needed for cavalry units. In terms of meeting expectations, the substantial issues affecting its performance in its originally designated tasks cannot be overlooked. However, these challenges highlight key areas for improvement, indicating that the vehicle has the potential for enhancement. Ultimately, the project is not considered futile, as it provides opportunities for future refinements and adjustments.

URO VERT, illustration by David Bocquelet.

Specifications of the VERT
Weight in combat (kg)	9,950
Max velocity (km/h)	118
Engine (HP)	217
Specific power (hp/tonne)	21.8
Autonomy (km)	538
Turning radius (m)	8.5
Armament	1 12.7 mm M2HB machine gun or 1 7.62 mm MG-3 machine gun
Dimensions (L x W x H) m	5.9 x 2.9 x 2.3

Sources

Vehículo de Exploración y Reconocimiento Terrestre (VERT) | Ejércitos (revistaejercitos.com)
SERT, Sistema de Exploración y Reconocimiento Terrestre de Navantia Sistemas FABA (infodefensa.com)
El Ejército comienza las pruebas de aceptación del prototipo del Vehículo Observador Avanzado (infodefensa.com)
Vehículo de exploración y reconocimiento terrestre VERT – Ejército de tierra (defensa.gob.es)
El Ejército de Tierra recibe el primer prototipo del 4×4 VERT de Urovesa-Navantia, noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España
Alfredo Gordo: “Vamos a dejar el SERT al Ejército para que lo pruebe y lo evalúe” (infodefensa.com)
VERT: el caballo del explorador del siglo XXI – El club de los Jinetes de Farnesio (wordpress.com)
Los VERT de la BRILEG validan su potencial en corrección de fuegos – Noticias Defensa España
El Ejército retomará este año la compra de vehículos de exploración e inteligencia sobre Vamtac (infodefensa.com)
La DGAM adjudica casi 700.000 euros a URO para desarrollar su Vamtac híbrido con pila de hidrógeno (infodefensa.com)
Un VAMTAC ST5 con propulsión híbrida para el reconocimiento sigiloso en la Caballería de Ejército de Tierra-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa España
Tecnología gaditana para entrar en combate (lavozdigital.es)
La amplia oferta de Escribano en FEINDEF-noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa FEINDEF 2019
Artículos | OTEOS y APOLO (revistaejercitos.com)
“Memorial de caballería” December 2019 nº88
César Torrejón Miralles. Estudio de las posibles mejoras a implementar en el Vehículo de Exploración y Reconocimiento Terrestre (VERT). University of Zaragoza
Víctor Manquillo Huete. Estudio sobre la aplicación del acuerdo de estandarización STANAG 4609 en fuentes de vídeo no MAJIIC. University of Zaragoza
“Armas y Cuerpos” April of 2019 nº140
IKONOS PRESS. Vehículos de Combate de Infantería PIZARRO. 1 ed.

Modern Spanish Armor

Santana Aníbal

Santana Aníbal. Illustration by Esteban.

Kingdom of Spain (2004)
Light 4×4 Vehicle – Around 2,000 Built

What transpires when projects are hurriedly pushed to meet stringent deadlines? The answer often lies in disaster. This tale unfolds in the context of the Santana Aníbal, a light 4×4 vehicle conceived under the pressure of a military request. Born out of a attempt to stave off financial ruin, this vehicle, intended to bolster the military’s capabilities, emerged as a stark reminder of the dangers associated with rushed development.

The Santana Aníbal, while initially a solution to an indigenous company’s financial woes, ultimately proved to be a project marred by numerous issues. As it was thrust into service, the vehicle became notorious for its susceptibility to defects and its unfortunate connection to frequent accidents. In essence, the Santana Aníbal‘s swift development, intended to salvage a company on the brink, resulted in a product that carried a heavy burden of faults and misfortunes, showing once again that haste is waste.

One of the Santana Aníbals in service in the Spanish Army. Source: La triste historia del Santana Aníbal – El Rincón Sapiente (elrinconsapiente.blogspot.com)

Historical Context

The History of Santana Motor

In 1953, the Spanish government gave the go-ahead to the ‘Jaén Plan’, a strategic initiative aimed at industrializing the region of Jaén to address the longstanding issue of unemployment. At that time, Jaén’s primary sources of employment were cereal and olive cultivation, with harvesting limited to the early days of summer and winter, leaving a substantial portion of the population unemployed for the rest of the year.

The central idea behind the plan was to diversify the region’s economy. As part of this initiative, Metalúrgica de Santa Ana S.A. (Metalurgic Santa Ana Limited Company) was founded in 1956, originally intended for the manufacturing of agricultural machinery. However, it was not until 1961 that the British company Land Rover acquired Metalúrgica de Santa Ana S.A. to establish a factory for the production of their vehicles. This move was a response to the high demand for Land Rover vehicles, highlighting the British company’s commitment to meeting market needs.

The early 1960s marked the beginning of vehicle manufacturing for Metalúrgica de Santa Ana S.A.. Initially, this involved assembling parts shipped from Britain, but before long, the majority of the vehicles were of Spanish origin. In 1962, the factory became the representative of the Rover brand in the markets of Morocco, South America, and the Middle East.

By 1968, the factory had evolved to develop and manufacture its own versions of the Land Rover, leading to a renaming as Land Rover Santana. These models gained significant popularity in the civilian market of Spain and were widely adopted by various government forces, such as the police and military. As Santana became more established than Rover in the markets of South America and Africa, adaptations were made to the Land Rover Santana models to cater to the specific needs of these regions, setting them apart from the original Rover.

Land Rover Santana 88 of the Spanish Navy, equipped with a 106 mm recoilless gun. Source: Ministerio de Defensa. Los vehículos de INFANTERÍA DE MARINA 1958/2023. 2024.

Land Rover Santana 109 of the Spanish Navy, equipped with a TOW-1. Source: Ministerio de Defensa. Los vehículos de INFANTERÍA DE MARINA 1958/2023. 2024.

One of the earliest Land Rover Santana in service with the Civil Guard. Source: Éxito y agonía de Santana Motor: de fabricar coches para medio mundo a morir abandonada a su suerte (motorpasion.com)

However, problems started at the beginning of the 1980s. The introduction of new and more modern vehicles in the market rendered Land Rover Santana vehicles obsolete. In response, Land Rover Santana sought new contracts, and in 1985, they secured a partnership with Suzuki. By that year, the Japanese company held a 49.1% stake in Santana. This collaboration led to the manufacturing of Suzuki’s Jimny, Samurai, and Vitara models in the Land Rover Santana factory.

A Suzuki Samurai. Source: Éxito y agonía de Santana Motor: de fabricar coches para medio mundo a morir abandonada a su suerte (motorpasion.com)

The early 1990s marked the decline of Santana. In 1989, Land Rover withdrew its participation in Santana due to economic problems. Following suit, in 1994, Suzuki also left the company. Consequently, Santana Motor S.A. experienced a significant drop in sales, leading to yearly financial losses.

In a desperate attempt to rescue the company, the Junta de Andalucía, the governmental body overseeing the region of Andalucía and the province of Jaén, acquired all the capital of the now-renowned Santana Motor S.A.. Despite this intervention, the challenges persisted, and the company continued its downward trajectory, unable to recover from the financial downturn.

The Army Need for a 4×4

In 2002, Santana Motor S.A., in an effort to recover, embarked on the development of the Santana Aníbal for the civilian market. This vehicle was essentially a modified version of the Land Rover Defender. The Santana Aníbal’s main modification was basically a more robust 125 hp Iveco engine with a displacement of 2,800 cc and direct injection technology.

The civilian version of the Santana Aníbal. Source: Santana ps-10 pu front q – Santana Aníbal – Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

Despite being a promising venture for the company, with an investment of approximately €19 million for its development, the inaugural year of the Santana Aníbal proved to be a fiasco, experiencing minimal sales in the civilian market. Coincidentally, a year later, the Ejército de Tierra (Ground Army) of the Spanish Army announced a contract for 750 vehicles, specifically light 4×4 utility vehicles to replace their aging Nissans and Land Rovers.

In a bid to secure the military contract, Santana Motor S.A. swiftly adapted. They modified the original Santana Aníbal to align with the military requirements. The modifications were carried out urgently, reflecting the company’s determined efforts to secure the contract. The adaptations included the reinforcement of the front and rear lights with the addition of steel bars, the addition of a front hook for towing, and the installation of antenna posts located on the sides of the vehicle.

Differences over the civilian version. Source: TRJE18 In Focus 05 ~ Spanish SANTANA ANÍBAL | Joint Forces News (joint-forces.com)

A Spanish Santana Aníbal during the TRIDENT JUNCTURE 2018. At the back, an ASCOD Pizarro infantry fighting vehicle. Source: TRJE18 In Focus 05 ~ Spanish SANTANA ANÍBAL | Joint Forces News (joint-forces.com)

In the procurement contract for the Spanish Army’s future 4×4 vehicles, three models were initially presented. Land Rover showcased their Defender, but eventually withdrew from the program due to disagreements with the Spanish Government regarding the solicitation document. Consequently, the competition was narrowed down to two contenders: the Santana Aníbal and the proposal from UROVERSA, a Spanish company specializing in military utility vehicle design. Prior to this contract, UROVERSA had supplied the Spanish Army with the URO VAMTAC, a multipurpose tactical 4×4 vehicle which had garnered praise in the Army.

For the competition, UROVERSA proposed their URO VAM TL. This light 4×4 vehicle was originally designed for military applications but also had civilian variants. The technical specifications of the URO VAM TL surpassed those of the Santana Aníbal in every aspect. In response, Santana Motor S.A. attempted to stay competitive by reducing the price per unit in their proposal. However, obviously, this cost-cutting measure inevitably would affect the overall quality of the vehicle.

The URO VAM TL, the proposal of UROVERSA for the contract. Source: URO VAM TL – Photos, News, Reviews, Specs, Car listings (gomotors.net)

The public’s anticipation favored the URO VAM TL winning the contract, but the unexpected decision to award it to the Santana Aníbal surprised everyone. While the specific criteria guiding the decision remained undisclosed, suspicions emerged that political interests, rather than purely military considerations, played a role.

A solid grasp of the Spanish political landscape is essential for understanding this theory. Spain operates with a central government and various regional institutions, similar to the structure in the United States. During the period when the contract decision was being made, the central government was led by the PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español – Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party). Additionally, the Junta de Andalucía, which oversaw Jaén and held all the capital of Santana Motors S.A., was also governed by members of the PSOE. This coincided with a time of heightened political tensions in Spain.

In contrast, the Xunta de Galicia, responsible for overseeing Galicia where UROVERSA is located, was governed by members of the PP (Partido Popular – Popular Party), which stands in opposition to the PSOE on the political spectrum. The interplay of political dynamics at both the central and regional levels may have influenced the unexpected outcome of the contract award, leading to suspicions that political considerations played a role in the decision-making process.

Subsequently, UROVERSA attempted to export its URO VAM TL to other countries, achieving success by supplying around 100 of these vehicles to the Moroccan Army, where they remain in active service.

An URO VAM TL converted into a military ambulance in service with the Moroccan Army. To this day, there are no reports related to technical problems of the vehicle. Source: VMTT: los difíciles retos del futuro sustituto del Santana Aníbal en el Ejército de Tierra (outono.net)

Name

The name “Aníbal” originated when the engineers and executives of the company gathered in a conference room located in the Aníbal de Linares hotel to design the vehicle. They decided to name their new car after the hotel itself. The name of the hotel, in turn, pays homage to the Carthaginian general Aníbal (Hannibal) Barca. According to tradition, Aníbal Barca and the Iberian princess Hilmice were united in marriage, and she hailed from Cástulo, an Iberian city with its ruins situated in Linares — the very city where Santana Motors S.A. was located. In the external market, it was known as the Santana PS-10, the reason being that there was already a vehicle with the same name, the Hummer Hannibal.

Design

The Santana Aníbal was essentially a civilian vehicle with modifications to meet military requirements. The vehicle weighs approximately 1,975 kg and is 4.675 m long, 1.84 m wide, and 2 m tall. The vehicle has towing capabilities of at least 750 kg.The cost per unit was €26,384, presenting a cheaper option compared to its competitor, the URO VAM TL, priced at €29,984. In military applications, two primary versions of the Santana Aníbal were deployed: a 4-crew cabin with a hardtop and a 2-crew cabin variant with a canvas roof.

The 2-crew cabin version of the Santana Aníbal with the canvas roof. Source: Santana Anibal Militar | Laslo P. | Flickr Santana Anibal Militar | Laslo P. | Flickr SANTANA ANIBAL MILITAR – Portal compra venta vehículos clásicos (yclasicos.com)

The 4-crew cabin version. Source: Santana Anibal EZAPAC (34fd) – a photo on Flickriver Santana Anibal EZAPAC (34fd) – a photo on Flickriver TRJE18 In Focus 05 ~ Spanish SANTANA ANÍBAL | Joint Forces News (joint-forces.com)

Engine and Chassis

The Santana Aníbal is equipped with a 125 hp@3,600 rpm Iveco engine operating, providing the vehicle with a maximum speed of 140 km/h. The fuel compartment can hold up to 100 liters of fuel, with a consumption rate of 12 liters per 100 km. Consequently, the range of the vehicle was estimated to be around 830 km.

Armor

The Santana Aníbal has no armor whatsoever. The technical specifications for the acquisition of the vehicle indicated that armor was optional, and the engineers at Santana Motor S.A. chose not to install any. While the chassis is constructed from metal, offering sporadic protection against low-caliber rounds, it is important to note that the vehicle is officially considered to have no armor.

Suspension

The Santana Aníbal employs leaf spring suspension for both the front and rear axles. In the military version, it was observed that, due to the poor quality of the joints, this component was particularly susceptible to breakage.

Reception in the Army

The initial units to receive the Santana Aníbal vehicles were likely those belonging to the UME (Unidad Militar de Emergencias – Military Emergency Unit). The UME is a Spanish military unit within the Ejército de Tierra, coincidentally founded around the same time that the Santana Aníbal was chosen. The UME primarily focuses on non-combat roles, dedicated to assisting civilians during emergencies such as forest fires, earthquakes, floods, or, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. It has been actively involved in activities like disinfecting streets, deploying military hospitals, and patrolling cities to prevent the spread of the virus. When the unit was established, it received approximately 250 units of the Santana Aníbal.

A Santana Aníbal of the UME. Source: El Santana Aníbal dejará de ser el todoterreno de referencia del Ejército español – El NUEVO OBSERVADOR

Following their introduction, the Santana Aníbal vehicles were distributed among various units affiliated with the Ejército de Tierra of the Spanish Army. There are no reports of this vehicle being used in the navy, but some units within the Ejército del Aire y del Espacio (Air and Space Army) received deliveries of the Santana Aníbal.

A Santana Aníbal of the Ejército del Aire y del Espacio prepared to be launched via parachute. It is easy to distinguish from the Ejército de Tierra through the license plate. If it start with “ET” it means Ejército de Tierra, while “EA” is for the Ejército del Aire y del Espacio. Source: La triste historia del Santana Aníbal – El Rincón Sapiente (elrinconsapiente.blogspot.com)

The initial units of the Santana Aníbal, introduced around 2005, were initially considered reliable. However, subsequent vehicles faced a decline in reliability due to a lack of adequate quality controls. Initial complaints primarily centered around issues related to small and uncomfortable interiors. Casually, in the same year, the British magazine “4×4 Magazine” named the Santana Aníbal as the best off-road vehicle in the world.

Interior of the Santana Aníbal. Source: 2011 Land Rover Santana PS-10 2.8 TD * armored * Anibal – Car Photo and Specs (ipocars.com)

It’s also important to highlight the vehicle’s performance in international missions. Kosovo was one of the regions where Spain was deployed as part of the KFOR (Kosovo Force) between 1999 and 2019, providing patrols and missions of deactivating explosives. Since 2002, Spain, along with other members of NATO, participated in the NATO intervention in Afghanistan. Initially involved in the operation with medical support, transport planes, and helicopters, their duties were extended until 2021, involving tasks such as patrols and deactivating explosives. Lebanon was another international mission for Spain since September 2006, where the United Nations forces maintained the boundaries between Lebanon and Israel. Naturally, during these missions, the Spanish Army deployed Santana Aníbal as part of the vehicle fleet.

Spanish Santana Aníbal and a pair of BMR in Lebanon, 2019. Source: percance de tráfico: Dos militares españoles, heridos en un accidente en Líbano (elcorreodeburgos.com)

In 2007, suspicions about the reliability of the Santana Aníbal gained serious consideration following a tragic accident. On October 17, 2007, at the Spanish military base in Istog, Kosovo, a Santana Aníbal overturned during a patrol while attempting to avoid another oncoming vehicle, ultimately crashing into a petrol station. The accident resulted in two military fatalities and two additional injuries. Subsequent investigations in 2008 revealed alarming statistics: 16 out of the 31 vehicles deployed in Afghanistan and 93 out of the 96 deployed in Lebanon were out of service due to manufacturing defects, indicating that approximately 86% of the deployed vehicles were non-operational.

As time passed, an increasing number of problems surfaced, with some issues proving more severe. Once again, by 2008, mechanics within the Spanish Army raised significant concerns. These issues included problems such as screws loosening due to use, failures in the electric connection system, a chassis prone to breakage, wheels susceptible to detaching while driving and seizures of bushing bearings. In response, the 24 of June of 2008, the Spanish Army recalled the vehicles, restricted their use to military bases only, and imposed a maximum speed limit of 20 km/h until the issues could be addressed.

A Santana Aníbal along with an URO VAMTAC ST5. Source: Momento de recordar la fábula del Aníbal Santana: “Fue una decisión a dedo y el coche fue una chapuza” (elconfidencial.com)

Confronted with numerous errors, the engineers at Santana Motor S.A. struggled to effectively address and rectify the issues. On September 12, 2008, they asserted that the problems with the vehicles were resolved, and the vehicles could be operated safely with no risk. However, in 2010, after an incident where one of the vehicles experienced a complete rear transmission failure, a report from engineers in the logistic support division of the Spanish Army, who inspected the vehicles, criticized the lack of quality in fixing the mechanical problems by the company. The report highlighted concerns such as the use of glue to address issues in the transmissions, indicating unconventional and suboptimal repair methods.

Furthermore, not all the vehicles used glue. Approximately 40% of the vehicles in service have this glue, suggesting that, in case of doubt, the vehicle should not be used. The engineers also expressed that when repairs are made, it is recommended to be supervised by the army, indicating that the army was mistrustful of the company.

The End of Santana and the Current State of the Santana Aníbal

Despite the contracts and trials, the Santana Aníbal could not save the company. On February 16, 2011, the workers of the company voted with an 83% majority in favor of dissolving the company.

As of today, there are still around 1,000 Santana Aníbal vehicles in service, with their fabrication defects practically eliminated following modifications carried out by Santana Motors S.A. under the supervision of the army. Despite past challenges, the army generally regards the vehicle positively, highlighting its performance in exercises such as those in Norway, where it navigated snowy terrain alongside the URO VAMTAC without issue. While commended for its 4×4 capabilities, concerns remain regarding the vehicle’s overall quality and repairability, primarily due to extended wait times for spare parts.

The Santana Aníbal remains an integral part of the Spanish Army’s fleet, albeit at significant cost to the Ministry of Defense for spare parts. Notably, in October 2022, eight vehicles were deployed to assist Ukraine amid its conflict with Russia.

Two Santana Aníbals prepared to be sent to Poland in order to be delivered to Ukraine. Source: El Santana Aníbal pone rumbo a la guerra de Ucrania – El NUEVO OBSERVADOR

The Ministry of Defense initiated the VMTT project (Vehículo Militar Todoterreno Táctico – Tactical All Terrain Military Vehicle) in the early months of 2023. Its primary objective is to procure 4,500 vehicles to replace the Santana Aníbal and the small number of Nissan vehicles still in service. The concept entails acquiring a single model available in two versions: 2-cabin and 4-cabin. Essentially, the vehicle should be a 4×4 “pickup” with a maximum payload of 900 kg and a maximum permissible mass of 3,500 kg, allowing operation with a basic driver’s license. Although built-in armor is not mandatory, the option for installing armor capable of withstanding 5.56 mm rounds is desirable. Furthermore, having the option to use Santana Aníbal wheels is preferred for logistical reasons.

Initially, public opinion favored the URO VAMTAC LTV from UROVERSA. However, it seems that the URO VAMTAC LTV did not meet the necessary technical requirements. The project took the course that the selected vehicle should be a civilian model adapted to fulfill military missions, with a primary focus on logistical functions.

The URO VAMTAC LTV. Source: VMTT: los difíciles retos del futuro sustituto del Santana Aníbal en el Ejército de Tierra (outono.net)

Three main proposals were presented for the VMTT program. The defunct Santana Motors, whose engineers collaborated with Grupo Invicta, a company specializing in the manufacture of electric vehicles, presented a prototype of a 4×4 vehicle. Unfortunately, it did not meet the technical requirements for the program.

Prototype of the proposal of Santana Motors S.A. for the VMTT program. Source: El Santana Motors no da la talla para ser el nuevo todoterreno de Defensa – El NUEVO OBSERVADOR

This led to the choice of the other two candidates, TSD and Iturri. TSD (Technology & Security Developments) is a Spanish company in the military sector that specializes in producing armored vehicles. For the VMTT program, in collaboration with Ford, they presented the Ford Ranger.

The Ford Ranger (left), the proposal of TSD for the VMTT program and the Ibero LTV (right), a indigenous Spanish armored vehicle made by TSD. Source: El Ford Ranger de TSD para el programa de Vehículo Militar Todo Terreno – Noticias Defensa España

On the other hand, Iturri is another Spanish company, but its expertise lies in the creation of vehicles intended for firefighting or emergency response, as well as military footwear and safety equipment. For the VMTT proposal, Iturri presented the Peugeot Landtrek, which ultimately emerged as the winner, securing a contract worth €217.6 million to replace the Santana Aníbal.

The Peugeot Landtrek, the replacement of the Santana Aníbal. Source: Defensa sustituye el Aníbal por un 4×4 chino hijo de la globalización – Noticias Defensa España

Sidenote – The Santana Aníbal in Romania?

Despite the troublesome history of the Santana Aníbal in Spain, Santana Motors S.A. experienced success through the adoption of its vehicles in Romania, albeit in an unconventional way. On June 15, 2006, Iveco announced its collaboration with Santana Motors S.A. in the development of a new 4×4 “pickup.” This vehicle would be a modified version of the original Santana Aníbal, incorporating new engines and transmissions from Iveco. While Santana Motors S.A. would be responsible for building the vehicle, Iveco would handle its commercialization in the international market. This collaboration resulted in the creation of the Iveco Massif, a 4×4 vehicle.

In 2010, Iveco secured a contract from Romania to purchase 426 vehicles for the police frontier. These vehicles were manufactured by Santana Motors S.A. The production of the Iveco Massif continued until 2011, when Santana Motors S.A. was dissolved.

An Iveco Massif of the Romanian frontier police. Source: Suceava: Barbat suspectat de contrabanda cu tigari, prins cu focuri de arma de politistii de frontiera – Jurnalul Prahovean (jurnalulph.ro)

Conclusion

“Lo barato sale caro” (What is cheap ends up being costly) is a common phrase in the Spanish language that can sum up the story of this vehicle. The story of the Santana Aníbal serves as a stark reminder of the importance of making informed decisions and avoiding compromises in quality in the pursuit of more economical and rapid solutions. The decision to deploy the Santana Aníbal in a military context turned out to be a costly mistake, highlighting the need to carefully assess the suitability of products for their intended use, especially in critical situations such as military operations.

The persistence of mechanical and quality problems even after the initial delivery reveals the need to maintain high standards in the production and maintenance of military vehicles. Efforts to cut costs without considering the integrity and reliability of the product can result in severe consequences, as evidenced by the numerous failures and accidents associated with the Santana Aníbal. Despite later proving to be reliable, its initial shortcomings tarnished its reputation in the public eye, even receiving positive evaluations from the military nowadays.

The story of the Santana Aníbal shows the importance of transparency and accountability in military equipment procurement. The lack of clear information on selection criteria and possibly the political decision-making in the contracting process contributed to controversy surrounding the choice of the Santana Aníbal over potentially more robust alternatives.

Santana Aníbal. Illustration by Esteban.

2-crew cabin version of the Santana Aníbal. Illustration by Esteban.

Santana Aníbal Specifications
Weight (kg)	1,975
Engine (hp)	125
Specific power (hp/tonne)	63.3
Max speed (km/h)	140
Range (km)	830
Dimensions (L x W x H) m	4.67 x 1.84 x 2

Sources

Éxito y agonía de Santana Motor: de fabricar coches para medio mundo a morir abandonada a su suerte (motorpasion.com)

La triste historia del Santana Aníbal, el coche de la UME | Auto Bild España

El Plan Jaén de 1953 – Revista de Historia

Santana-Motor, fundada por Franco, liquidada por el PSOE, un mal precedente de nacionalizaciones (intereconomia.com)

Estos son algunos de los vehículos del ejército español (frenomotor.com)

VMTT: los difíciles retos del futuro sustituto del Santana Aníbal en el Ejército de Tierra (outono.net)

Santana Anibal Lujo 5 plazas Ficha Tecnica, consumo y dimensiones (ultimatespecs.com)

Momento de recordar la fábula del Aníbal Santana: “Fue una decisión a dedo y el coche fue una chapuza” (elconfidencial.com)

Denuncian que a los coches Santana del Ejército “les salen disparadas las ruedas” (elcorreogallego.es)

Dos militares españoles fallecen en un accidente de tráfico en Kosovo (galiciadiario.com)

Santana Anibal – “mejor todo terreno del mundo” (martos4x4.com)

Las opciones del Ejército para el VMTT que sustituirá a los Aníbal: vehículo militar o comercial modificado (infodefensa.com)

Santana Motor asegura que están solucionados los problemas del Anibal (infodefensa.com)

Santana Motor no dijo la verdad: el Ejército de Tierra inmovilizó para revisar el 86%… (elconfidencialdigital.com)

El Santana Aníbal pone rumbo a la guerra de Ucrania – El NUEVO OBSERVADOR

El Santana Aníbal pasa la primera criba del Ejército (elmundo.es)

El ‘Aníbal’, elegido vehículo oficial del Ejército (elmundo.es)

Urovesa dice que su vehículo supera al ‘Aníbal’ (elmundo.es)

El acuerdo marco de 1 tonelada se centrará en vehículos comerciales – Noticias Defensa España

Santana vuelve a postularse en Defensa y se ofrece para sustituir los Aníbal del Ejército (infodefensa.com)

Por fin Defensa inicia el reemplazo de los deficientes 4×4 Aníbal – Noticias Defensa España

Santana Motors y Grupo Invicta, unidos por el futuro automovilístico de Linares – El NUEVO OBSERVADOR

Así son los Wolkswagen “Amarok” de la UME -noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa Galería

El coche del ejército español que no supera los 20 km/h y se le salen los tornillos (huffingtonpost.es)

Iveco Massif, el 4×4 italiano en colaboración con Santana (motorpasion.com)

Santana Motor fabricará 426 todoterrenos Iveco Massif para Rumanía (diariodesevilla.es)

El Ejército inicia su intervención contra la covid-19 en Madrid al margen de la Comunidad | Sociedad | EL PAÍS (elpais.com)

¿Quiénes somos? – Unidad Militar de Emergencias (defensa.gob.es)

Resolute Support (Afganistán) – Ministerio de Defensa de España

Fuerza Interina de Naciones Unidas en Líbano (FINUL) – Ministerio de Defensa de España

Kosovo (KFOR) – Ministerio de Defensa de España

Vehículos todoterreno del Ejército se reparan con pegamento. Un informe reservado ale… (elconfidencialdigital.com)

Santana e Iveco harán un nuevo TT (autopista.es)

El Ford Ranger de TSD para el programa de Vehículo Militar Todo Terreno – Noticias Defensa España

Santana Motors chiude, addio anche ai fuoristrada Iveco (risparmiauto.it)

El Santana Motors no da la talla para ser el nuevo todoterreno de Defensa – El NUEVO OBSERVADOR

Defensa sustituye el Aníbal por un 4×4 chino hijo de la globalización – Noticias Defensa España

Home | ITURRI – Your safety matters – ITURRI | Your safety matters

Modern Spanish Armor

TORO

NTGS TORO. Illustration done by Godzilla, funded by our Patreon campaign.

Kingdom of Spain (2010)
8×8 Infantry Fighting Vehicle – 1 Partially Constructed Prototype

In 2007, the Spanish Army underwent a substantial transformation due to the noticeable obsolescence of much of its equipment. This prompted the launch of new projects, including the VBR (Vehículo Blindado sobre Ruedas – Armored Wheeled Vehicle) program. This initiative aimed to create an advanced 8×8 vehicle to replace the BMR (Blindado Medio sobre Ruedas – Medium Wheeled Armored Vehicle) and VEC (Vehículo de Exploración de Caballería – Cavalry Exploration Vehicle), both in widespread use in the Spanish Army. While the Swiss Piranha V served as the primary basis for this development programme, Spain also worked on an exclusively indigenous 8×8 vehicle family, the TORO.

One of the renders of the TORO presented by the Spanish New Technologies Global Systems private company. Source: Armée Espagnole/Fuerzas Armadas Españolas – Page 3 (forumpro.fr)

Historical Context

The BMR, initially introduced in Spain in 1980 and developed by the Spanish company ENASA (Empresa Nacional de Autocamiones S.A. – Truck National Limited Company, later absorbed by Iveco), has been a stalwart in the country’s military operations. However, the passage of time, and notably its thinly armored aluminum structure, have rendered it obsolete in the face of advancing technologies.

Spanish forces have used the BMR in peacekeeping missions in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the former Yugoslavia. In addition to Spain, the BMR has been exported to Egypt, Peru, and Saudi Arabia, where it has been fighting in the war in Yemen since 2015.

A photo of a BMR at the Herat base, Afghanistan, 2008. Its thin armor made it vulnerable to explosive improvised devices, one of the reasons behind the decision to replace the vehicle. Source: Los acorazados BMR serán reemplazados por nuevos blindados | RTVE

In contrast, the VEC, a 6×6 reconnaissance vehicle directly derived from the BMR chassis, equipped with a 25 mm gun, has served exclusively within the Spanish Army. It has played roles in KFOR (Kosovo Force), Lebanon, and Iraq, providing support to infantry squads.

A Spanish VEC during the armed forces day parade in Zaragoza in 2008. Source: VEC – Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

Despite their overall great service, both the VEC and particularly the BMR faced criticisms regarding their effectiveness. In Afghanistan, their aluminum armor proved insufficient against the improvized explosive devices used by the Taliban in attacks on Spanish forces during patrols. This vulnerability significantly increased the risk of crew casualties. To counter this threat, the Spanish Army began acquiring RG-31 Nyala mine-resistant vehicles to replace the BMR, indicating the need for a newer, more robust vehicle to replace these aging models.

A destroyed BMR in Afghanistan after driving over a mine in 2009. Source: BMR-600 (kolový OT) : Španělsko (ESP) (valka.cz)

In Search of a Replacement

In 2004, the VBMR (Vehículo Blindado Modular sobre Ruedas – Armored Modular Wheeled Vehicle) program was initiated, but it was not until four mine attacks resulted in eleven casualties among Spanish troops in Lebanon and Afghanistan that the Ministry of Defense launched the VBR (Vehículo Blindado sobre Ruedas – Armored Wheeled Vehicle) program in 2009. The goal was to develop an 8×8 vehicle to replace the Spanish BMR and VEC vehicles.

The initial procurement plan outlined the acquisition of 300 vehicles in the first phase after selecting the 8×8 model, with an additional purchase of 1,200 vehicles in subsequent phases. Future considerations included developing specialized variants such as recovery, ambulance, combat engineer, training, mortar carrier, Explosive Ordnance Disposal, and advanced observation vehicles.

The procurement aimed at two primary configurations:

a basic troop transport version to replace the BMR
a cavalry reconnaissance model intended to replace all VEC M1 vehicles. This latter variant was to be equipped with a turret housing a 30 mm gun or a more potent armament, along with anti-tank missiles

To ensure flexibility and the opportunity for companies to propose the most suitable vehicle or even present multiple models, the requested characteristics and capabilities were intentionally kept broad and general. This approach aimed to encourage a diverse range of proposals and innovative solutions that could meet the Army’s requirements without overly restrictive specifications.

High protection for the crew
High load capacity and enough internal volume
High mobility to allow fast deployment, in the strategic, operational, and tactical field
Low service cost
The vehicles should be modular
The proposal should at least be in service in one country, documenting the variants it uses. This requirement was not fulfilled by certain proposals

In may 2009, the DGAM (Dirección General de Armamento y Material – General Directorate of Armament and Material) contacted eight companies regarding their 8×8 vehicles that could meet the Army’s requirements. These companies were:

BAE Systems-Hägglunds, which presented the SEP
Consorcio Iveco-Oto Melara, presented the VBM Freccia
General Dynamics Santa Bárbara Sistemas, presented two vehicles, the Piranha III, which did not meet the requirements but was already in service in the spanish marines, and the Piranha V, which was not still in service in any country
General Purpose vehicles, which presented the GPV Colonel
Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, presented the GTK Boxer
Nexter, presented the VBCI
Patria, presented the AMV
Thales Australia, which is an interesting candidate, as the company did not build any 8×8 and as such did not offer any 8×8 to the request.

The initial calendar for the VBR program was:

15 August 2009	Deadline to send proposals to the Spanish Ministry of Defense
December 2009	Evaluation and selection of the vehicles
January 2010	Request of the offers
June 2010	Signing off contracts
2012-2016	The first 300 vehicles of the first phase to be sent, with a minimum of 40 vehicles in 2014

The initial plan suffered many delays caused by the severe financial crisis that hit Spain in 2007 and 2008, which caused cuts in many areas, including military projects.

General Dynamics Santa Bárbara Sistemas presented two proposals, the Piranha III, that actually did not meet the technical requirements (specifically the protection requirement), and the Piranha V, that was not actually yet in service in any country. Source: Programa VCR 8×8: entre la necesidad y la incertidumbre – Ejércitos (revistaejercitos.com)

The program extended beyond direct invitations to companies, opening the opportunity for broader participation. By including the program in the Ministry of Defense’s portal, it enabled any company to submit their 8×8 proposals, even if they were not initially invited to participate. This inclusive approach led to the submission of additional proposals, such as the Ukrainian BTR-4 by Kharkiv Morozov and the TORO by NTGS.

A VBM Freccia, the proposal made by the Italian Iveco company. This vehicle had actually been tested previously, in 2007, by the Cavalry Brigade “Castillejos II”. Source: Programa VCR 8×8: entre la necesidad y la incertidumbre – Ejércitos (revistaejercitos.com)

The TORO – NTGS’ Proposal

New Technologies Global Systems (NTGS), a Spanish private company founded in 2002 and headquartered in Madrid, specializes in designing armament systems and developing specialized vehicles. Their portfolio includes weapons that are currently in service in other nations. Notably, one of their creations is the Alakran mortar system, which could be mounted in a variety of vehicles. Interestingly, this system has been observed in use by the Ukrainian Army, mounted on the BARS-8 armored wheeled vehicle, amidst the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.

NTGS has also been actively involved in various Spanish projects. Recently, they proposed a joint development with the Brazilian company Avibras for a Multiple Rocket Launch System (MRLS).

Alakran mortar system mounted on the URO VAMTAC, tested by the Spanish Army in March of 2019. Source: Analizamos el portamortero Alakrán sobre VAMTAC -noticia defensa.com – Noticias Defensa defensa.com noticias industria defensa

One of the six BARS-8MMKs equipped with the NTGS Alakran system in service with the Ukrainian forces. Confirmation exists that two of these vehicles were destroyed by Russia during the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. Source: Así es el Alakran, el sistema de mortero español con el que Ucrania se defiende de la invasión rusa (larazon.es)

NTGS recognized the opportunity that appeared with the announcement of the VBR program and embarked on designing a wholly indigenous 8×8 vehicle. As the deadline approached, the company managed to present a first 8×8 design, initially unnamed. This design, later refined and further developed, eventually became known as the ‘TORO’.

The initial design of NTGS’ unnamed 8×8. Source: Desarrollo y Defensa: NTGS y una nueva plataforma española presentan innovador vehículo al concurso VBR 8×8

In 2010, NTGS unveiled their TORO design as an 8×8 vehicle specifically intended for the VBR program. Notably, their proposal stood as the only submission within the program that had not yet reached completion.

Renders presented by NTGS of their TORO design for the VBR program. Source: Programa VCR 8×8: entre la necesidad y la incertidumbre – Ejércitos (revistaejercitos.com)

The TORO vehicle quickly garnered attention due to its features. One standout aspect was its price per unit, set at a significantly lower €1.5 million, compared to the average proposal cost of €3.6 million from the other contenders.

Additionally, the vehicle had a remarkably reduced weight, tipping the scales at just 19 tonnes. This was achieved through an innovative hybrid diesel-electric setup propulsion system. This unique system allowed for the utilization of thermal engines with lower power requirements while eliminating the need for a gearbox and traditional mechanical transmissions to the wheels.

The rear of the TORO in a still taken from a NTGS video presenting the vehicle on YouTube. Source: (28) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

Name

Unlike other Spanish projects, where the names are acronyms representing the intended vehicle role, as with the BMR and VEC, the name TORO directly translates to ‘bull’ in Spanish. It specifically references the Toro de Lidia, also known as Toro Bravo, a breed of bovine found in Spain and Portugal deeply linked to Spanish culture, notably associated with bullfighting.

A pair of toros bravos located in Salamanca. Source: Toro de lidia – Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

Design

The TORO’s design specifics remained under wraps due to confidentiality agreements. Nevertheless, key aspects were highlighted, especially the emphasis on crew protection from mines and truck bombs, which was a crucial improvement over the vulnerability seen in the BMR during operations abroad.

The TORO was designed to be 7.42 m long, 2.5 m wide, and 2.31 m tall, making it quite a compact vehicle. Weighing just 19 tonnes, its lightweight construction was facilitated by the use of a hybrid electric-diesel propulsion system, distinguishing it from other vehicles in its class. The vehicle boasted a ground clearance of 0.5 m.

Moreover, the TORO’s notable features included high modularity and cost-effectiveness. Its ability to maintain a lower unit price was largely due to the incorporation of commercial components.

Another notable feature of the TORO was its complete amphibious capability, a feature the BMR did not possess.

A still showing the amphibious capabilities of the TORO. Source: (31) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

Armor and Protection

While specific details about the materials used in the construction of the TORO vehicle were not explicitly disclosed, observations from available images suggest that it might have been intended to be constructed primarily from steel, potentially incorporating ceramic armor elements.

Close-up of the TORO’s armor. Source: (31) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

NTGS claimed that the TORO had mine protection rated at 4A (withstanding 10 kg of TNT impacting any wheel) and 4B (withstanding 10 kg of TNT at the center of the vehicle). According to NTGS, the vehicles with similar mine protection levels among the VBR proposals were the AMV, Boxer, Piranha V, and VBCI.

The TORO’s belly protection was designed to withstand the impact of an improvised explosive device (IED) equivalent to 150 kg of TNT detonated at a distance of 5 m. According to NTGS, this level of belly protection was matched only by the Boxer and Piranha V among the vehicles evaluated. They attributed this level of protection at such a low weight to the innovative lightweight propulsion system utilized in the TORO.

Additionally, if deemed necessary, the TORO could have been outfitted with extra armor, such as slat armor.

Photo showing the vehicle equipped with slat armor. Source: (31) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

Propulsion

The propulsion system was one of the most curious aspects of the design. It featured two 105 hp diesel engines of unknown origin positioned at the front of the vehicle, accompanied by eight 67 hp electric engines located within each wheel hub. This setup enabled the TORO to move up to an additional 20 km solely on battery power with the main engines off. Additionally, in case of a malfunction in one of the diesel engines, the vehicle retained reduced mobility.

The complex design of the TORO’s wheel hub. Source: (31) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

Crew, Hull, and Internal Layout

The TORO’s hull design followed a conventional approach, bearing similarities to other NATO vehicles, such as the Piranha V or the GTX Boxer. It featured sloped front armor and flat sides, with the two diesel engines positioned at the vehicle’s front.

Accessibility for the crew was facilitated through a hatch located on the top of the vehicle. Operating the TORO required just two personnel: a driver and a commander. The driver occupied the front center position of the vehicle, while the commander was situated just below the vehicle’s hatch top.

In its APC (Armored Personnel Carrier) configuration, the vehicle has the capacity to accommodate nine individuals at the rear, accessible through a large door situated at the back of the vehicle. The seating arrangement consisted of two rows of seats running parallel to the vehicle’s sides. The right side held five seats, while the left side accommodated four seats.

Internal layout of the TORO in its APC configuration. Source: (31) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

Turret and Armament

The standard configuration of the TORO includes the CAZADORA (Hunter) turret, a two-axis stabilized Remote Controlled Weapon Station (RCWS) developed by NTGS. This turret enables observation, target acquisition, and firing capabilities while the operator remains safely inside the vehicle. One of its features is its versatility, as it can be mounted on various light vehicles, such as the BMR, HUMVEE, or VAMTAC without requiring alterations to the original vehicle’s design.

The CAZADORA turret. Source: http://www.ntgs.es/en/cazadora.htm

The CAZADORA turret can be remotely controlled. It includes a rangefinder, stabilized shooting mechanisms, optical tracking systems, and the optional integration of thermal imaging technology.
Regarding armament options, the CAZADORA turret can be fitted with either a Browning machine gun or a 40 mm automatic grenade launcher. In the context of a hypothetical service within the Spanish Army, the LAG-40 automatic grenade launcher, already in use within certain vehicles, including the BMR, could be a likely choice for armament if the TORO had entered service.

The fire-control system would have been housed within the vehicle, featuring an operator’s display and a manual control joystick. Integrated sensors included a high-resolution day video camera, an electronic panoramic vision system providing a 360º view, and a shooting control system facilitating ballistic corrections.

Technical Details of the CAZADORA remote controlled weapon station (taken from the manufacturer):

Direction range	3×360º
Elevation range	80º to -20º
Max. Direc/Elevation speed	90 º/s
Min. Direc/Elevation speed	0,1 º/s
Accuracy	0.1 mil
Stability under fire	2 mil
Weight	< 60 kg
Height	< 600 mm

Suspension

The TORO featured a hydropneumatic adjustable suspension system, independent for each wheel. This suspension setup provided the vehicle with the ability to maintain comfort and stability while traversing varied terrain, including inclined areas.

The controllable suspension system allowed the TORO to maintain horizontal drive on inclined planes. Source: (31) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

Variants

TORO ‘Vehículo Exploración de Caballería’

The TORO ‘Vehículo Exploración de Caballería’ (Cavalry Exploration Vehicle) would have served as a reconnaissance variant of the 8×8 designed to replace the existing VEC in the Spanish Army. Notably, it would have been equipped with a 30 mm gun encased within a closed manned turret. While the exact gun model was not specified, it could potentially have been the Mk44 Bushmaster II. This supposition arises from the fact that the future 8×8 vehicles in service are slated to utilize this cannon. Moreover, the other 30 mm cannon utilized by the Spanish Army, the Mauser MK 30 in service with the Pizarro infantry fighting vehicles, has reportedly faced recurring issues related to gas evacuation. Although it was never confirmed, considering the specifications of the reconnaissance variant of the VBR, probably the turret was also equipped with a coaxial machine gun, as well some sort of anti-tank missile launcher.

The TORO ‘Vehículo Exploración de Caballería’ aimed to replace the existing VEC. Source: (31) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

Mortar-Carrier

NTGS also designed a variant designed to carry a mortar. While the exact caliber was not specified, judging by the dimensions, it possibly accommodated a 120 mm mortar.
Taking into account the mortars presently employed by the Spanish Army, the chosen model for hypothetical service might have been the ECIA L-65/120. This 120 mm mortar, of Spanish origin, is currently mounted on vehicles like the BMR and even the M113.

Mortar variant of the TORO. Source: (31) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

Rejection

Based on the available information up until the end of the official updates on the TORO, it seems that by February 2010, according to the company, NTGS had completed approximately 80% of the prototype, focusing on the chassis and collaborating with other companies to integrate various systems. DGAM planned to visit NTGS’ installations to assess the TORO’s progress before the end of that month and discuss the offers. Additionally, NTGS aimed to have the prototype ready for presentation by the end of summer for the VBR program.

However, as there is no further official information beyond this point, and assuming the timeline and operational readiness based on the available data, it is plausible to infer that by the end of that summer, the TORO prototype might not have been fully operational. It is feasible that, due to its incomplete status or other operational reasons, the TORO might not have met the necessary criteria or standards set by the DGAM, potentially leading to its rejection in favor of other proposals that were more advanced or operational at that time.

In the end, the vehicles chosen for the VBR competition in April 2011 were:

the German Boxer
the French VBCI
the Italian Freccia

Despite this, the VBR program faced cancellation due to military budget cuts amid Spain’s economic crisis. However, in 2015, there was a revival of the program under the new name VCR (Vehículo de Combate sobre Ruedas – Combat Wheeled Vehicle). Instead of continuing the progress initiated by VBR, the program was restructured, and the whole project was adjudicated to a collaboration between the Spanish companies General Dynamics Santa Bárbara Sistemas, Indra, and Sapa. The objective was to develop the future 8×8 vehicle for the Spanish Army, utilizing the Piranha V as a base, potentially manufactured under license by Santa Bárbara Sistemas. This collaborative effort eventually led to the creation of the current VCR Dragón.

The VCR Dragón, the endpoint of the whole VBR program. Source: Defensa prevé firmar el contrato del vehículo 8×8 Dragón en agosto (abc.es)

A New TORO?

Established in February 2012, TORO VES (TORO Vehículos Especiales y Sistemas – TORO Special Vehicles and systems) was a collaboration between the company NTGS and Everis Group. The Everis Group is a multinational specializing in advanced technological systems for the civilian and military market. Initially focused on unmanned aerial vehicles, they have recently expanded their operations into the ground vehicles market. Within this group are companies such as Quatripole, known for developing the Q-150D aero-transportable vehicle used by the Spanish paratrooper brigade, and more recently, NTGS.

During TORO VES’ inaugural year, the company unveiled two new TORO variants, one tailored for firefighting and another as a command version. Notably, this introduction came a year after the announcement of the VBR program finalists. This timing suggests that NTGS might have sought to reinvigorate the TORO design, possibly redirecting its focus away from the Spanish military. However, the absence of photographic evidence or official announcements regarding acquisitions by firefighting brigades or police forces suggests that the vehicle might not have gained traction in the market. It is essential to highlight that the TORO VES is currently inactive.

“Vehículo de Mando” variant (top) and firefighting variant (below). Source: TORO VEHICULOS ESPECIALES Y SISTEMAS: SARFIREX (youtube.com)

Conclusion

The TORO’s involvement in the VBR program represents an attempt to develop an advanced military vehicle that aimed to offer protection, performance, and cost-effectiveness. However, its journey reveals several considerations.

Initially promising in innovation, the TORO faced challenges during its development. The pressure to meet program deadlines and expectations might have compromised the effective execution of the project. Technical complexity and the need for sufficient funding could have been significant obstacles for NTGS, which had little experience building full AFVs from the ground up.

Additionally, collaboration and competition among different companies in the military sphere were evident in the program’s revival through a partnership among Spanish firms. Competing with more established proposals might have posed an added challenge.

Additional Photos

Renderings of the TORO in olive green color likely offer the most accurate portrayal of the vehicle if it were to be incorporated into the Spanish Army. Source: (31) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

A photo of the TORO with the paint and decals of the UN peacekeeping forces. Source: (31) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

Photo of the vehicle transporting what appears to be ammo boxes. Source: (31) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

NTGS TORO. Illustration done by Godzilla, funded by our Patreon campaign.

TORO ‘Vehículo Exploración de Caballería’. Illustration done by Godzilla, funded by our Patreon campaign.

	TORO	Piranha VE	Piranha IIIE	Freccia VBM	GTK Boxer	AMV	VBCI	SEP
Country origin	Spain	Switzerland	Switzerland	Italy	Germany	Finland	France	Sweden
Crew	2+9	3+8	3+8	3+8	3+7	3+10	3+8	3+10
Weight in combat (Tonnes)	19	30	25	26,2-30	33	26	28	24-27
Maximum load (Tonnes)	8	15,5	11,8	10	8	10	10	12,5
Length (m)	7,42	7,54	7,3	7,93	7,93	7,7	7,8	6
Width (m)	2,5	2,98	2,66	2,99	2,99	2,8	2,98	2,8
Height (m)	2,31	2,34	2,22	2,01	2,37	2,3	2,26	2,2
Engine (hp)	-2 diesel engines with 105 HP each	584	457	550	720	540	550	-2 diesel engine 270 HP each one
Engine (hp)	-8 electric engine of 67 HP in the hub of each wheel	584	457	550	720	540	550	-2 diesel engine 270 HP each one
Max velocity (km/h)	110	100	105	108	103	100	100	<110
Specific power (HP/tonne)	28,2	19,4	18,2	–	21,8	20,76	19,64	20
Autonomy (km)	1000	700	650	800	1050	600-800	750	600

Comparison of the TORO with others 8×8 presented in the VBR program. Source: PRESENTE Y FUTURO DE LOS MEDIOS ACORAZADOS ESPAÑOLES – EXPAL EN EL MANTENIMIENTO Y MODERNIZACIÓN DE VEHÍCULOS BLINDADOS – INFODEFENSA (readkong.com)

Sources:

Home (ntgs.es)

NTGS y Avibras presentan el consorcio Ibermisil como candidato al SILAM – Noticias Defensa España

PRESENTE Y FUTURO DE LOS MEDIOS ACORAZADOS ESPAÑOLES – EXPAL EN EL MANTENIMIENTO Y MODERNIZACIÓN DE VEHÍCULOS BLINDADOS – INFODEFENSA (readkong.com)

NTGS y una nueva plataforma española presentan innovador vehículo al concurso VBR 8×8 (infodefensa.com)

Programa VCR 8×8: entre la necesidad y la incertidumbre – Ejércitos (revistaejercitos.com)

NTGS anuncia que ya ha fabricado el 80 del nuevo vehículo TORO 8×8 y lo presentará en verano (infodefensa.com)

(37) TORO 8×8 Nuevo vehículo de combate híbrido español – YouTube

NTGS — Seguridad y Defensa (archive.org)

Defensa prevé firmar el contrato del vehículo 8×8 Dragón en agosto (abc.es)

Se calienta la competición por el VBR 8×8 (archive.org)

TORO VEHICULOS ESPECIALES Y SISTEMAS: SARFIREX (youtube.com)

El VCR 8×8 “Dragón” para el Ejército de Tierra – Noticias Defensa España

IDS. (2014, january). SPAIN Defence & Security 2014., 62-65.

Modern Spanish Armor

CZ-10/25E Alacrán

Kingdom of Spain (1997-Present)
Combat Engineer Vehicle – 38 Converted

Throughout the 1980’s and 1990’s, the Fuerzas Armadas Españolas (Eng: Spanish Armed Forces) were looking for a new Combat Engineering Vehicle (C.E.V.) to support the troops and tank units of the Ejército de Tierra (Eng: Spanish Army). CEVs can trace their heritage back to the British AVRE (Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers) that landed on the invasion beaches on D-Day. They are designed to be operated by battlefield engineers and are used to construct fortifications, clear obstructions, and assist ground troops as well as armored vehicles.

Having received a large number of surplus vehicles from American stocks in Europe, the Spanish Army decided to base this new CEV on the M60A1 tank. The conversion was extensive and consisted of, among other things, replacing the main gun with an excavator arm and the installation of a large dozer blade.

In all, 38 M60A1s were converted into what was designated the CZ-10/25E Alacrán. Alacrán means “scorpion” in Spanish and comes from the Arab word ‘al’aqráb’. With a prototype appearing in 1995, the CEV entered service with the Spanish Army in 1997.

M60s in Spain

The M60A1 was the second version of the 105 mm Gun Tank M60. The A1 was produced from 1962 to 1980 and was armed with the same M68 105 mm Gun, and powered by the same 750 hp Continental AVDS-1790-2 V12, air-cooled twin-turbo diesel engine. It had improved armor over the initial model, with 109 mm to 250 mm (4.29 – 10 in) of protection. It had the same top speed of 48 km/h (30 mph) and rolled on the same suspension, which consisted of 6 road wheels attached to a torsion bar suspension, 3 return rollers, a forward idler, and drive sprocket at the rear. The idler wheel was of the compensating type, meaning it was attached to the closest roadwheel by an actuating arm. When the roadwheel reacts to terrain the idler is pushed out or pulled in, keeping constant track tension.

Spain had used the M60 AVLB (Armored Vehicle-Launched Bridge) since as far back as 1967 and the M88A1 Armoured Recovery Vehicle since 1982, but the new international context in the twilight years of the Cold War saw Spain receive the main variant of the famous US tank. The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) negotiated in 1988 aimed to establish comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe. To reduce their tank numbers, the US armed forces in Europe would transfer older tanks and other materiel to their NATO allies. Spain, according to the CFE treaty signed in Paris in November 1990, was scheduled to receive 170 M60A1 RISE and RISE Passive and 270 M60A3 TTS. However, by the time Spain accepted the transfer in June 1991, the numbers had risen to 272 M60A1 and 260 M60A3.

With the effective end of the Cold War following the dissolution of the USSR, the Spanish Army reorganized its structure in 1991. They considered that such high numbers of outdated tanks were not needed, and decided to renounce their rights to 110 M60A1.

In the end, Spain received 48 M60A1 RISE, 2 M60A1 RISE Passive and 260 M60A3 TTS in five batches between September 1992 and March 1993. As they had done in the US Army, they replaced the M47 and M48 in the Spanish Army. However, they would have a very short career, being partly replaced by the Leopard 2A4 before the end of the Millenium and then completely by the Leopard 2E in the early 2000s. Sixteen M60A3 TTS were destined to the Infantería de Marina [Eng. Spanish Marine Infantry] where, as of 2019, they are still serviceable, although they are scheduled to be replaced.

An M60A3 TTS of the Infantería de Marina taking part in a mock beach assault. Photo: Wikimedia Commons

Precedents

Since the early 80s, the Jefatura de Ingenieros del Ejército [Eng. the Headquarters of the Army Engineers] had seen the need to equip the Engineers Branch of the army with a modern engineering vehicle.

In 1981, Peugeot Talbot España was requested to design two vehicles based on the M47 Patton II, one for engineering and one for recovery. The engineering vehicle, the M-47E2I, had the turret removed and was equipped with a bulldozer blade, a hydraulic crane, and a 3-meter long hydraulic post hole digger. Only one prototype was built and was put in service in 1984. In 1986, new requirements were set for an engineering vehicle, or ‘carro de zapadores’ [Eng. sapper tank], without a crane or post hole digger, but with a backhoe, or excavator arm. Peugeot Talbot España again designed a vehicle for this role, but with the expected arrival of the M60, there was no need to modify such an old vehicle when a newer one was available.

Precedents. The M-47E2I designed and built by Peugeot Talbot España to serve as an engineering vehicle, which entered service in 1984. The vehicle in the background is the M-47VLPD ‘Lanzador’ also designed by Peugeot Talbot España – source: unknown

Concept art for the proposed M-47E2Z by Peugeot Talbot España. The planned arrival of the M60 put this project based on an M47 chassis on hold – source: Peugot Talbot

Development

The initial requirements from the Army for the zapador vehicle based on the M60 were less complex than the ones Peugeot Talbot had presented based on the M47 in 1988. The tank’s turret would be replaced by a fixed rectangular structure that would maintain the commander’s cupola from the M60. At the front, there was a winch mounted, and situated on the right would be the excavator arm which could turn 180º. After some further modifications, the final requirements were set by the Estado Mayor del Ejército [Eng. General Staff of the Army] in 1994. These requirements were published by the Ministerio de Defensa [Eng. Ministry of Defense] who set a tender for the delivery of a prototype of a vehicle fitting those requirements with an M60A1 facilitated by the Army before December 31st 1995.

Only two companies showed interest in this project: Peugeot Talbot España and Grupo Auxiliar Metalúrgico. The latter company was unable to complete the prototype (M-60VZ) before the cut-off date and was thus not considered. In the hope of gaining enough time to finish their prototype, Grupo Auxiliar Metalúrgico sued the Ministry of Defense, which only delayed the whole process.

The two contenders for the new carro de zapadores of the Ejército de Tierra, the M-60VZ designed and built by Grupo Auxiliar Metalúrgico (left) and the winning prototype, the PTE CZ-10/30E (right) – source: Mazarrasa, p. 17 and 18.

The prototype by Peugeot Talbot España was designated as the PTE CZ-10/30E and was quite different from their previous designs and army requirements. The vehicle was trialed for a few months with different equipment before a series of modifications and improvements were sent to Peugeot Talbot by the Estado Mayor. Once these were satisfactorily met, Lieutenant General José Faura Martín, on behalf of the Estado Mayor, made a formal request to the Ministerio de Defensa for the continuation of the project. On November 29th, 1996, the Spanish Government officially authorized the serial production of the now designated ‘Carro de Zapadores M-60A1 CZ.10/25E’. The abbreviation in the vehicle’s name is a description of what it is. ‘CZ’ stands for Carro de Zapadores [Eng. sapper tank], ‘10’ for maximum hoist capacity in tonnes, ‘25’ for maximum towing capacity in tonnes, and ‘E’ for ‘España’ or ‘español’ [Eng. Spain or Spanish]. The nickname ‘Alacrán’ was given to the vehicle by Peugeot Talbot España due to its similarity to a scorpion. Twelve days later, the contract was signed with Peugeot Talbot España worth 3,441 million pesetas (Ptas.) (around $22.5 million modern-day) for the transformation and delivery of 38 of these vehicles in three batches:

3 in 1997
15 in 1998
20 in 1999

Two different views of the PTE CZ-10/30E during tests before being accepted into service – source: Mazarrasa, p. 16.

Design and Equipment

As CEV conversions of existing gun tanks go, the Alacrán is one of the less extensive examples. Much of the vehicle remains identical to the base vehicle, the only main exceptions being that the 105 mm gun has been replaced by a large excavator arm and a bulldozer blade has been installed on the bow. The crew of the vehicle was reduced to three, consisting of the commander and operator in the turret, and the driver in the hull. The commander of the vehicle is responsible for directing the use of the excavator arm, providing navigation, and communications. The commander is also responsible for manning the Alacrán’s single armament, a .50 cal. (12.7 mm) M85 heavy machine gun. This was housed in the M19 Commander’s Cupola, a fully rotating ‘mini-turret’ held over from the M60. The operator is responsible for the operation of the excavator arm and winch.

Simple schematics of the PTE CZ-10/30E prototype which did not vary substantially from the serial Alacrán. Emphasis is given to the crew positions and some of the main components – excavator arm, dozer, hydraulic system, winch and ranging rods – highlighted – Source: Mazarrasa, p. 41.

Equipment

Excavator Arm

The excavator arm that replaced the gun was fixed directly into the space once occupied by the mantlet. It is controlled by the ‘operator’, positioned at the left front of the turret. Thanks to the fully rotating turret, the arm could reach around the entirety of the vehicle without the need for the vehicle to move. The arm was made by Case Poclain, an American company that specializes in the construction of excavators. It has a reach of 7.2 meters (23.6 ft) and can dig to a maximum depth of 2.65 meters (8.6 ft).

Digging a trench with the Case Poclian excavator arm, equipped with the 430 liter (.68 square-yard) bucket. This is the PTE CZ-10/30E during trials before being accepted by the Ejército de Tierra – source: Mazarrasa, p. 19.

Because of its universal coupling, other tools can be attached to the end of the arm, among which are:

H-7XA NPK Pneumatic Jack-Hammer: used to break through concrete or rock. For example, if a road was blocked by boulders, the jackhammer could break them up so the Alacrán could push through the smaller debris with its bulldozer blade.
Verachert VTC-30 Hydraulic Jaws: widely known as ‘Demolition Jaws’, this piece of hardware can chew through anything, be it metal or concrete. These would be used to break down blockades, tear through stubborn emplacements, and destroy railway tracks.
Verachert Hydraulic Claws: these claws provided the vehicle some dexterity, allowing it to grasp and clear logs or large chunks of debris.

The tools available to the Alacrán, L to R: Jackhammer, ‘Demolition Jaws’ and Hydraulic Claws. Photos: Super Weapons, Facebook

It is unclear as to what effect the stresses and strains of using the excavator arm would place on the turret and turret ring of the vehicle. After all, the turret was designed to stand up to the force of a firing 105 mm gun, or the impact of an incoming shell. The turret’s weight was balanced for the ring to allow smooth rotation. The turret and ring were not designed to swing a long, heavy arm and dig into the ground and pull up buckets full of debris, which would have placed great lateral stresses on the turret ring. Also, to what degree can the turret ring handle the 25 tonne pulling power of the winch mounted on the turret is unknown.

When use of the excavator arm is not required, the turret is traversed to the rear. The bucket is detached and placed in a cradle on the left-rear fender. The arm would then be folded low over the engine deck, with the universal joint resting at the level of tow pintle at the base of the radiator grills.

The digger bucket resting in its cradle at the rear of the Alacrán. Photo: Super Weapons, Facebook

Dozer Blade

Mounted on the bow of the Alacrán is a hydraulically activated bulldozer blade. The blade is 4 m (13.1 ft) wide and 80 cm (2.6 feet) high. The depth of the blade is 30 cm (11 in). It has the capacity to push 35 tonnes. On CEVs, bulldozer blades are used for multiple tasks, such as carving out hull-down positions for gun tanks, digging gun emplacements (the Alacrán has the capacity to dig 30 cm at a time), route denial (creating and filling anti-tank ditches), and improving bridge approaches. It can also be used aggressively to push barricades or debris from the path of attacking allies. On the Alacrán, the blade also acts as a stabilizer when the excavator arm or winch are in use by being planted into the ground, lifting the front section of the tank off the ground.

The driver of the vehicle is responsible for the bulldozer blade, all controls for it are located in his position. Additionally, a three-tooth dethatcher can be added on the bottom of the dozer blade to abrade grounds from organic matter. The bulldozer blade can also be exchanged for mine-clearing devices.

The bulldozer on the front of the Alacrán. This vehicle is a static outdoors display at the Museo de los Medios Acorazados (MUMA), near Madrid. Photo: Gareth Lynn Montes

Winch

On the rear of the Alacrán’s turret, where the ammunition stowage once was, a small hydraulic winch was added. To incorporate this, the stowage basket on the bustle was cut in half, and the winch mounted directly to the armor in between the two sections. This winch has a raw capacity of 25 tonnes (24.6 tons), however, this can be increased to 50 tonnes with the use of pulley blocks. These are stored around the exterior of the vehicle, the largest being stowed on the left turret cheek. The steel cable is 80 m long and 26 mm wide and can be actioned automatically.

The winch’s primary role is to recover other vehicles. As the turret spends most of its time traversed to the rear, this allows the winch to be used over the front of the CEV. In turn, this allows the Alacran to anchor itself with the bulldozer blade when pulling a heavy object such as a tank.

There is also an auxiliary pulley or cable which is 10 m long and has a maximum pulling capacity of 15 tonnes (16.5 tons).

The winch on the left, and the stowed pulley block on the right. Photos: Super Weapons, Facebook

Anti-Mine Warfare

As an engineering vehicle, the Alacrán also has the role of clearing and marking space through a minefield or other obstacles.

To clear a minefield, the vehicle can use a Rampta Anti Magnetic Mine Activation Device (AMMAD) mine plow instead of the bulldozer blade. The system consists of a strong steel frame with two parallel plows with five plowshares each. Each plow can be elevated and controlled independently. Between the plows, there is a roller that magnetically deactivates mines 2 to 5 m in front of the vehicle.

Once mines are cleared by the Alacrán or another vehicle, the Alacrán can also mark the path cleared which allows troops and other vehicles to safely cross. The Alacrán incorporates a IMI/Rampta CLAMS SP-06133 system for placing ranging rods. Situated at the back of the tank and actuated automatically by a 24-volt electric drive, it has a total capacity of 150 rods, which consist of either flags for day use or luminous tubes for night use, which are placed at a distance of either 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, or 48 m. This same system is used on the German Keiler mine-flail.

Inside the Alacrán is a GPS (Global Positioning System) which allows the crew to accurately determine where known minefields are placed not only for itself but it can also communicate to other units where one is and where a path has been cleared through one.

Interior Modifications

The interior was mostly left unchanged, however, some new components for the engineering equipment had to be added. In the driver’s compartment, the only additions were the mechanisms for controlling the bulldozer blade.

Beneath the turret, the hydraulic system producing 70.1 kW was placed, through which a transfer case transfers power to the excavator arm on the one hand, and the winch on the other. The system consists of a variable flow axial piston pump which powered all systems except for the bulldozer blade and the turret’s rotation, a fixed flow axial piston pump for the turret’s rotation and a third pump for the driving mechanisms. There is also an auxiliary hydraulic system for the bulldozer blade which can also serve as an emergency pump powered by a 24 volts electric engine to start any of the hydraulic systems, albeit at a reduced speed.

As other Spanish vehicles, the Alacrán is equipped with a Thales PR4G model 2 tactical radio phone, an external phone and intercom for all three crew members.

Defense

Being an engineering vehicle, the Alacrán is not intended to do any actual fighting, but it is always a good precaution to mount equipment for defensive capabilities.

The main form of defense is the .50 M85 machine gun (12.7 mm) which was retained from the original M60. 900 rounds are carried. Inside, eight handgrenades, a disposable 90 mm Instalaza C-90 rocket-propelled grenade launcher and the crew’s assault rifles, presumably the Heckler & Koch G36, are carried.

For passive defense, on each side of the turret there is a set of four smoke grenade launchers and a smoke generator. Each of the crewmembers has a NBC (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical) suit.

Service

The expected timetable for deliveries of the Alacrán was not met, as by February 2nd 1999, only nine vehicles had been delivered for inspection by the Inspección de Ingenieros [Eng. Engineers Inspection]. The following engineer and sapper units were equipped with the vehicle as of 2003:

Batallón de Zapadores X, Brigada “Guzmán el Bueno” X based outside Córdoba
Batallón de Zapadores XI, Brigada “Extremadura” XI based in Badajoz
Batallón de Zapadores XII, Brigada “Guadarrama” XII based in Madrid
Batallón de Zapadores XXII, Brigada de Caballería “Castillejos” II based in Zaragoza. Now defunct, its units have become part of the División “Castillejos”
Regimiento de Ingenieros n.º 1, Mando de Ingenieros based near Burgos
Regimiento de Ingenieros n.º 7 based in Ceuta
Regimiento de Ingenieros n.º 8 based in Melilla
Academia de Ingenieros based in Hoyo de Manzanares, north of Madrid

Three Alacráns of the Arma de Ingenieros del Ejército de Tierra during the Día de la Hispanidad military parade celebrating Spain’s national day on October 12th 2001 – source: Mazarrasa, p. 5.

The Alacrán has not been deployed to Bosnia, Lebanon, Afghanistan, or Iraq, as these are peacekeeping missions in which Spain has not sent heavy armor. As such, the most action the Alacrán has seen has been in training missions and army exercises.

In the summer of 2018, Integración Tecnológica Empresarial (ITE) won a bid put forward by the Ejército de Tierra for a 3 year project worth almost €5 million for the extensive maintenance of several of its engineering vehicles, including the Alacrán. The project is due to finish in 2020.

However, despite these efforts, the Ejército de Tierra is looking to replace the Alacrán and other engineering vehicles with a common platform based on the ASCOD and developed by General Dynamic European Land Systems and Santa Bárbara Sistemas known as VCZAP Castor. Five vehicles are expected to be delivered to the Ejército in May 2020. An earlier plan to replace the vehicle with the AEV3 Kodiak was abandoned because of budget constraints.

One vehicle is kept as a static display at the Museo de los Medios Acorazados (MUMA) at El Goloso military base, just outside of Madrid.

Alacrán in operation in February 2020. Photo: Public Domian

Conclusion

The Alacrán has proven to be yet another ingenious Spanish-based modification to complement the less famed but equally important role of engineering vehicles. Whilst crude in appearance, it has satisfactorily fulfilled its intended role. However, the base of the vehicle, the M60 tank, is quite old technology, so the need for a more modern basis has become apparent.

An article by Gareth Lynn Montes & Mark Nash.

The CZ-10/25E Alacrán, illustration by Ardhya Anargha, funded by our Patreon campaign.

Specifications
Dimensions (L-W-H)	6.94m (without excavator arm) x 3.63m x 3.27m (22’8″ x 11’9″ x 10’7″)
Total weight, battle-ready	Aprx. 47.7 tonnes (52.6 tons)
Crew	3 (commander, operator, driver)
Propulsion	Continental AVDS-1790-2 V12, AC TT diesel, 750 bhp (560 kW), 15.08 bhp/t
Transmission	General Motors, CD SD 2 fw/1 rv ranges
Maximum speed	30 mph (48 km/h) on road
Suspensions	Torsion bars suspensions, shock absorbers
Range (fuel)	300 miles/500 km (1457 liters)
Armament	.50 Cal. (12.7 mm) M85 Heavy Machine Gun
Equipment	Case Poclain Excavator Arm H-7XA NPK Pneumatic Jack-Hammer Verachert VTC-30 Hydraulic Jaws Verachert Hydraulic Claws 35 tonne capacity dozer blade 25 tonne capacity winch IMI/Rampta CLAMS SP-06133 lane marker system
Armor	RHA max. 6.125 in (155 mm)
Total Production	38

Sources

Anon., Carro de Zapadores “Alacran” CZ-10/25 E (22 January 2013) [accessed 03/02/20]
Antonio J. Candil, “Spain’s Armor Force Modernizes”, Armor Magazine, March – April 1998
Javier de Mazarrasa, M-60A3 (Barcelona: Reserva Anticipada Ediciones, 2003)
José Mª Navarro García, “El nuevo Vehículo de Combate de Zapadores del Ejército de Tierra”, Revista Defensa No. 470, June 2017

José Mª Navarro García, Importante esfuerzo de mantenimiento de medios acorazados de ingenieros del Ejército de Tierra (24 August 2017) [accessed 10/02/20]

José Mª Navarro García, Integración Tecnológica Empresarial se encargará del mantenimiento de los vehículos de ingenieros del Ejército de Tierra (22 August 2018) [accessed 10/02/20]

Kingdom of Spain (2015) Aerodropable Vehicle – 24-30 in service

Historical Context – What is the BRIPAC?

History of BRIPAC’s Air Droppable Vehicles

The Complex Process of a Replacement

Name

Design

Engine and Chassis

Transportability

Roles

Gun Platform

Artillery Tractor or General Cargo

Personnel Carrier

Communications Vehicle

Reception in the Army

Antarctic Falcata

Conclusion

Sources

Kingdom of Spain (2017) Main Battle Tank – 1 Prototype Built

Historical Context

A Brief Introduction to the Leopardo 2E

Times of Change

The Evolution “Tortuga”

The Companies Involved

Name

Design

Engine and Chassis

Turret and Armament

Tests by the Army and Future

Side Note – Leopardo 2E Plus?

Conclusion

Tortuga Specifications

Sources

Kingdom of Spain (2019) Infantry Fighting Vehicle – 1 Built

Historical Context

The VCR Program

An Opportunity to Make Profit

The Cerberus – the Fifth Option

The Cerberus and the M113

A Brief History of the Spanish M113 Modifications

Design and Technical Specifications

Turret and Armament

Crew

Armor and Defense Systems

Fate and Rejection

The End?

Conclusion

M113 with the Cerberus turret specifications (Estimated)

Sources

Kingdom of Spain (2015-Present) 4×4 Reconnaissance Vehicle – 17 Delivered

Historical Context – The Need for a Reconnaissance Vehicle

The First VERT

Revival of the VERT

Design

Chassis and Engine

The SERT

Armament

Crew and Internal Layout

Armor

Production and Service

Future

Side Note – Escribano’s VERT?

Conclusion

Specifications of the VERT

Sources

Kingdom of Spain (2004) Light 4×4 Vehicle – Around 2,000 Built

Historical Context

The History of Santana Motor

The Army Need for a 4×4

Name

Design

Engine and Chassis

Armor

Suspension

Reception in the Army

The End of Santana and the Current State of the Santana Aníbal

Sidenote – The Santana Aníbal in Romania?

Conclusion

Santana Aníbal Specifications

Sources

Kingdom of Spain (2010) 8×8 Infantry Fighting Vehicle – 1 Partially Constructed Prototype

Kingdom of Spain (2015)
Aerodropable Vehicle – 24-30 in service

Kingdom of Spain (2017)
Main Battle Tank – 1 Prototype Built

Kingdom of Spain (2019)
Infantry Fighting Vehicle – 1 Built

Kingdom of Spain (2015-Present)
4×4 Reconnaissance Vehicle – 17 Delivered

Kingdom of Spain (2004)
Light 4×4 Vehicle – Around 2,000 Built

Kingdom of Spain (2010)
8×8 Infantry Fighting Vehicle – 1 Partially Constructed Prototype

Kingdom of Spain (1997-Present)
Combat Engineer Vehicle – 38 Converted