Author: Karika

Hungary (1943)
Tank Destroyer – 1 Prototype Built

Introduction

The Toldi páncélvadász was a tank destroyer prototype that did not enter production or service with the Royal Hungarian Army during World War Two. The designers choose to use the obsolete Toldi I light tank chassis on which to mount a large, powerful and heavy 75 mm (2.95 in) anti-tank gun. The chassis, however, could not cope with the additional weight when crossing rough country so the design was rejected in the end.

The only known authentic photograph of the ‘Toldi páncélvadász’, a Toldi light tank based self-propelled tank hunter in the courtyard of the Hungarian Institute of Military Technology (Haditechnikai Intézet, HTI) in the spring of 1944.

Problems with the Toldi tank suspension

The first batch of the Toldi light tanks, the 38M Toldi I (Toldi A20) were manufactured between 1939-1940. These 80 vehicles were assembled in Hungary with a few imported components, such as the torsion bars that came from Germany. However, these bars did not meet the required standards because some of them tended to break during extensive usage.

A 38M. Toldi I light tank.
This problem was solved on the second batch of Toldi light tanks. Among other small improvements the imported German torsion bars were replaced with stronger, domestically manufactured Hungarian ones. With these new bars the new 38M. Toldi II (Toldi B20) could carry approximately 700 kg more than the earlier design. 110 units of this model were manufactured between 1940-1941.
Even though it was a state-of-the-art design at the time of its creation in the late 1930’s, the standard Hungarian WWII light tank, the 38M. Toldi became completely obsolete by 1941-1942. With its weak armament and only 13 mm (0.51 in) thick frontal armour it was unable to completely fulfill even the scout tank role on the Eastern Front.
To increase the combat value of these tanks, between 1942-1944 the Hungarians increased the armor thickness on the most vital parts on the front and replaced the original 20 mm (0.79 in) heavy rifle to a 40 mm (1.57 in) anti-tank gun on the majority of the already manufactured Toldi II tanks. The upgraded 80 vehicles were given the designation of 38M. Toldi IIA (Toldi B40).
Only the second batch, the Toldi II light tanks could be upgraded to Toldi IIA standard because their higher load capacity was crucial to carry the weight of the thickened armor plates and the heavier armament of the new, upgraded Toldi variant. It was not possible to upgrade the older Toldi I tanks because their feeble torsion bars just could not bear the additional weight required for it. Still, the Hungarian engineers wanted to figure out a way to make the Toldi I light tanks useful again.

A 38/42M. Toldi IIA light tank.

Development

One of the first ideas intended to solve this above mentioned problem was to convert the redundant Toldi I tanks into self-propelled guns, similarly how the Germans had already converted some of their older obsolete Panzer I and Panzer II light tanks into tank destroyers. In theory, it would have been a cost-effective and time-saving way to upgrade the Toldi I tanks. The Hungarian authorities asked the Germans for help to carry out this idea.
Between 1942-43 on the Eastern Front, the German Wehrmacht temporarily gave 7 Marder II tank destroyers, without crews, to the Armoured Divisions of the Royal Hungarian Army as replacements for its destroyed tanks. One of these Marder II SPGs was sent to the HTI for tests and to investigate its technological solutions in 1943.

A German built Marder II tank destroyer in Hungarian service on the Eastern Front.

A Marder II in the courtyards of the HTI during its trials in Hungary in 1943.

Side view of the Toldi based tank destroyer.

Illustration by Jarosław Janas.

Hungary (1944)
Heavy Tank – 2 Incomplete Prototypes Built

Introduction

By early 1943, due to the heavy casualties and overall bad experiences gained on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union, it became clear to the leaders of the Royal Hungarian Army that their armored units had become almost hopelessly obsolete. The Hungarian forces were in dire need for better equipment, especially medium/heavy tanks which would be able to compete against the Soviet T-34 and KV series of tanks.
To resolve this issue as soon as possible, the Hungarians first turned to their ally, Germany. They asked if they could buy the manufacturing rights for one of Germany’s more advanced tanks, for example a late Panzer IV variant with the long 75 mm (2.95 in) gun or the Panzer V Panther. The Germans turned down this wish in a short time, firstly because these variants were in an immature state at the time and secondly, they were fully aware – unlike the over-optimistic Hungarian military leaders – that the Hungarian heavy industry would not have been able to manufacture such sophisticated designs in the foreseeable future anyway.
Soon after the failed negotiations, the Hungarian Ministry of Defense (Hadügyminisztérium, HM) decided to solve the problem domestically. In April 1943, as a temporary solution, the HM started a modernization program for the Turán tanks. This program would add bolt on armor plates to increase its frontal protection and would mount the long barrel 43M 75 mm tank gun in a new enlarged turret. This project become the 43M Turán III.
However, as a long-term solution in the same month the HM commissioned the Weiss Manfréd corporation (WM) to lay out and assemble a new type of tank as a replacement for the obsolescent Turán series. The new vehicle should have been able to carry a high velocity tank gun and have similar protection and mobility characteristics as the Soviet T-34 or the German Panther. This new project has become the 44M Tas.
It was named after chieftain Tas, a historical figure who – according to tradition – was one of the leaders of the seven Hungarian tribes in the 9th century.
The preliminary blueprints for the Tas prototypes were ready in record time, by the end of August 1943.

The Tas ‘heavy’ tank

According to the Hungarian tank classification system during WWII, any tank mounting a 75 mm or larger caliber gun was classified as a ‘heavy tank’, regardless of its weight or size. Therefore, the 44M Tas would also have been a heavy tank according to the Hungarian terminology much like how even the 41M Turán II with its short barreled 75mm gun was often referred to as the ‘Heavy Turán’. However, its size, weight and basic combat role would have been much closer to what is considered as a ‘medium tank’ in the Western Allied, German or Soviet terminology.

Hull and turret

The overall design of the 44M Tas was heavily influenced by the Panther. This can be traced back to the fact that a few officers from the Institute of Military Technology (Haditechnikai Intézet, HTI) had had the opportunity to examine the exterior of the new Panther and Tiger tanks in early 1943 in Kummersdorf. They were later deeply involved in the design process of the new Hungarian vehicle.
The shape of the welded hull mostly followed the general shape of the Panther, except on the front, where a thick near vertical middle front plate had been designed along with two ‘cheeks’ angled backwards on the sides of the upper front plate. The armor thickness ranged from 120 to 75 mm (4.72-2.95 in) on the front and around 50 mm (1.97 in) on the sides and the rear. The overall armor protection of the Tas would have been on par with the Panther’s.

Unfortunately though, very little documentation about the turret of the Tas survived the war other than a few photographs of its 1:10 scale factory mockup and several other written descriptions. What is known is that it was octagonal, it closely resembled the Panther’s turret with its wide gun mantlet, and it had 100 mm (3.94 in) all around armor thickness. There was a cupola with a hatch for the commander and another hatch for the gunner on top of the turret. Two other hatches were added to the sides sometime after the above-mentioned mockup was made.
Dimension wise – according to the most recent studies – the 44M Tas would have been somewhat smaller than the Panther, although because of the sometimes contradictory values in the still existing documentations (or the lack of such sources), some of the values are unclear or just estimates and should be treated with caution.
The Tas would have been manned by a crew of five, also resembling the Panther.

Armament

The selected main armament for the Tas was the 29/44M 80 mm (3.15 in) L/58 gun. It was a heavily modified, license produced version of the Swedish Bofors 80 mm anti-aircraft gun, developed by DIMÁVAG as a replacement for the obsolescent 29/38M 80 mm L/48 anti-air guns of the Hungarian air defense at that time. The above-mentioned 1:10 scale mid-development Tas mockup – which most likely was made sometime around the end of 1943 – was armed with this gun.

The first prototype of the 29/44M gun was ready in October 1943 but its first firing trials pointed out some serious flaws. This delayed its development significantly and its developer estimated that the mass production could not start earlier than the summer of 1944. Whereas the Tas development could not wait for that long, its designers had to make a compromise, and use what was at least available for the Tas prototypes in order to progress until the 80 mm gun would have been ready.
The chosen temporary armament was the 43M 75 mm L/43 tank gun, which was also only in a prototype form at that time. Only two pieces had been produced until then and both of them were already used in the prototypes of the 43M Turán III medium tank and the 44M Zrínyi I assault gun. Thus, the Tas project still had to wait precious weeks until a third one could be manufactured and mounted.

As secondary armament, the Tas received a coaxial 34/40AM 8 mm (7.92 mm to be exact or 0.31 in) Gebauer machine gun in the turret. A second 8 mm machine gun to be placed in the hull and operated by the radioman was also considered although it is not present on the factory mockup.

Engine

Right at the start of the development, some developers from WM allegedly wanted to create a new V12 engine with at least 700 hp power output for the Tas project. The idea was abandoned almost immediately because in reality neither the time nor the resources were available to create it before the deadline.
Instead, the Hungarian developers used what they had at hand and put two connected Turán tank engines in the relatively large engine compartment of the Tas. On the upside, this solution would not require too much time or effort to be put into mass production but on the downside, these engines only produced 520 hp combined, which would have been barely adequate for such a heavy (almost 37-ton) vehicle. Even so, in theory the Tas was estimated to reach 45-47 km/h on road according to the available documentation.

Suspension

The suspension of the Tas was a native design, but it was inspired by the suspension of the Panzer 38(t). The drive wheel was at the front, idler wheel at the back, and the 6 medium-sized road wheels were combined together in pairs of leaf sprung bogies. Unlike on the original Czechoslovak vehicle, the bogies were amended with shock absorbers, and the system was supplemented with 5 return rollers.

Prototypes

Soon after the baseline of the Tas was accepted, the HM ordered two prototypes from Weiss Manfréd – one ‘iron’ prototype with mild-steel body for further experiments and one ‘finalized’ prototype with armor plate superstructure. The assembly of the first mild-steel prototype started in May 1944 and its chassis with the suspension and the built-in twin-engine was ready in June. Shortly after that the raw assembly of the turret with the 43M 75mm tank gun also started, presumably along with the preparatory works on the second prototype vehicle.
However, on July 27, 1944, the WM factory on the Csepel Island was seriously hit by an Allied bombing run. The main assembly hall collapsed and the mild-steel prototype of the Tas was buried underneath and burnt out. Along with that most of its spare parts, the heavy machinery and numerous mid-assembly Zrínyi II assault howitzers and Turán medium tanks were also destroyed.
As the WM was unable to finish or redo the Tas prototypes, the design work was halted. In August 1944, WM gave the whole project to the Ganz company, which still had some manufacturing potential at that time. Even though the development restarted for some time after that, substantial work on it had not been carried out before the advance of the Red Army in the Hungarian territories and the political changes in the Hungarian government after October 1944 made it impossible to continue the whole project.
The last domestically designed and manufactured Hungarian tank design practically ceased to exist in the summer of 1944 with the destruction of its prototypes.

An article by Károly Németh

44M Tas Specifications
Approximate dimensions	6.3 x 3.15 x 2.7 m (20’8” x 10’4” x 8’10”)
Total weight	36.6 t
Crew	5 (commander, driver, gunner, loader, radioman)
Propulsion	2x Weiss Manfréd V-8H, water cooled V8 petrol, 520 hp (2×260 hp, 388 kW), 14 hp/t
Suspension	Leaf springs
Estimated maximum speed	45 km/h (28 mph)
Armament, planned for series production	29/44M 80 mm (3.15 in) Bofors/DIMÁVAG L/58 2x 34/40AM 8 mm (0.31 in) Gebauer machine guns
Armament, prototypes	43M 75 mm (2.95 in) L/43 coaxial 34/40AM 8 mm (0.31 in) Gebauer machine gun
Armor	20 to 120 mm (0.79-4.7 in)
Total production	Two partially completed prototypes

Sources and further read

Barczy, Zoltán – Sárhidai, Gyula: A Magyar Királyi Hovédség légvédelme 1920-1945. 96.
Bíró, Ádám – Sárhidai, Gyula: A Magyar Királyi Honvédség hazai gyártású páncélos harcjárművei 1914–1945. 249-264
Bonhardt, Attila – Sárhidai, Gyula – Winkler, László: A Magyar Királyi Honvédség fegyverzete. 94-95
Hajdú, Ferenc – Sárhidai, Gyula: A Magyar Király Honvéd Haditechnikai Intézettől a HM Technológiai Hivatalig 1920-2005. 48-56
Hatala, András: Lövegcsőcserével továbbfejlesztett magyar tüzérségi eszközök 1945-ig. II. rész. In: Haditechnika 2014/1. 73-75
Kovácsházy, Ernő: A Tas nehéz harckocsi műszaki ismertetése I. rész. In: Haditechnika 2006/4. 86-87
Kovácsházy, Ernő: A Tas nehéz harckocsi műszaki ismertetése II. rész. In: Haditechnika 2006/5. 82-85
Sárhidai, Gyula: Kiegészítés a Tas nehéz harckocsi leírásához. In: Haditechnika 2006/6. 84-85
Turcsányi, Károly: Nehézharckocsik – Összehasonlító értékelések, műveleti alkalmazások és a magyar TAS tervezése. 199-238